中醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯時(shí)要求譯員的英語基本功扎實(shí)，而且對(duì)中醫(yī)學(xué)有所了解，那么中醫(yī)學(xué)在翻譯中要掌握哪些技巧呢?

　　首先，應(yīng)該換位思考，翻譯這件事情需要站在對(duì)方的立場上去考慮。翻譯的目的就是為了讓讀者可以看得懂，看得明白，如果只是單純的自己翻譯出來，別人完全不知所云的話，那毫無疑問，翻譯是失敗的。好的翻譯是將原著的長處注入到另一種語言中，讓讀者更清晰的領(lǐng)悟，產(chǎn)生更強(qiáng)烈的共鳴。換位思考應(yīng)該考慮語法上是否符合表達(dá)，漢語與英語的表達(dá)方式是不一樣的，在翻譯的過程中應(yīng)該完善的考慮進(jìn)去。要站在目標(biāo)語言的立場上去考慮，既要忠實(shí)原文，又要符合醫(yī)學(xué)英語的表達(dá)方式。

　　其次，要凸顯文化，力求原汁原味。因?yàn)橹嗅t(yī)學(xué)是中國的傳統(tǒng)文化。在進(jìn)行翻譯的時(shí)候，要盡量體現(xiàn)出中國博大精深的文化和思想內(nèi)涵，將中醫(yī)學(xué)中最能體現(xiàn)文化底蘊(yùn)的地方完美的翻譯出來，而不是一味的附和西方的文化，如果將很傳統(tǒng)的中國文化很直白的英譯，不僅體會(huì)不到中國的文化精髓也會(huì)讓翻譯洋不洋，中不中的。還應(yīng)講究翻譯技巧，如明確語境，靈活意譯，適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)，保留原味等，此外，中醫(yī)藥學(xué)用語往往言簡意賅，不少以文言文形式表達(dá)，但在翻譯時(shí)卻不能簡單化。

　　第三，翻譯要意譯傳達(dá)，力求形象逼真。某些中醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)名詞在英語中沒有直接對(duì)等的詞匯，可以通過意譯進(jìn)行傳達(dá)，并與直譯、音譯等融合運(yùn)用。中醫(yī)學(xué)中很多詞匯來源于生活感受，構(gòu)詞的原 則大多是取類比象，表層結(jié)構(gòu)較簡練，但溢于字面之外的內(nèi)涵卻較為豐富。因此，要做到準(zhǔn)確翻譯，應(yīng)擺脫字面句式的束縛，透過表層，探究深層的實(shí)質(zhì)含意。

　　最后，提高素質(zhì)，科學(xué)合理。諸如此類的詞語在中醫(yī)學(xué)里很多，因此，譯者唯有以嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和科學(xué)的工作態(tài)度認(rèn)真對(duì)待中醫(yī)翻譯，才能將中醫(yī)理論知識(shí)準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)給外國朋友。譯者不僅要具備豐富的中醫(yī)理論知識(shí)，還應(yīng)具備豐富的 中國古典文化知識(shí)，只有這樣，才能領(lǐng)會(huì)并深刻理解中醫(yī)論著原文。譯員還得對(duì)西醫(yī)的理論體系和治療方法有所了解，并較好地掌握醫(yī)學(xué)英語。

　　中醫(yī) ①traditional Chinese medicine②traditional Chinesephysician ①中醫(yī)學(xué)的簡稱。②本學(xué)科專業(yè)職業(yè)隊(duì)伍。

　　中藥 Chinesemateria medica 在中醫(yī)理論指導(dǎo)下應(yīng)用的藥物。包括中藥材、中藥飲片和中成藥等。

　　中醫(yī)學(xué) traditionalChinese medicine 以中醫(yī)藥理論與實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)為主體，研究人類生命活動(dòng)中健康與疾病轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)律及其預(yù)防、診斷、治療、康復(fù)和保健的綜合性科學(xué)。

　　中藥學(xué) Chinese materiamedica 中藥學(xué)科的統(tǒng)稱。研究中藥基本理論和各種藥材飲片、中成藥的來源、采制、性能、功效、臨床應(yīng)用等知識(shí)的學(xué)科。

　　中醫(yī)藥 traditionalChinese medicine and pharmacology

　　本草：Materia medica

　　中藥：Chinese materiamedica，Chinese medicinals(包括植物藥、動(dòng)物藥、礦物藥等)

　　中草藥：Chinese HerbalMedicine,Chinese medicinal herbs

　　中藥學(xué)：Chinese pharmaceutics

　　藥材：Medicinalsubstance(material)

　　中西醫(yī)結(jié)合 integration of traditional and western medicine

　　中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論 basictheory of traditional Chinese medicine

　　中醫(yī)診斷學(xué) diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine

　　方劑學(xué) prescriptions of Chinese materia medica，

　　Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae/ prescriptions

　　中醫(yī)內(nèi)科學(xué) internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine

　　[陰陽]The Theory of Yinand Yang

　　陰陽對(duì)立：Opposition of yin andyang

　　陰陽制約：Restriction of/between yin and yang

　　陰陽互根：Interdependence ofyin and yang

　　陰陽消長：Waxing and waning ofyin and yang

　　陰陽轉(zhuǎn)化：Inter-transformationof yin and yang

　　[五行學(xué)說]The Theory of FiveElements

　　五行：water，fire，wood，metal，soil

　　生：promote, generate,engender

　　克： act, restrict,restrain

　　乘：overact,over-restrict, over-restrain, subjugate, overwhelm

　　侮：counteract,counter-restrict, counter-restrain, rebel

　　[整體觀念] concept of organicwholeness辯證法 dialectics

　　生長化收藏 sprouting, growth，transformation，ripening，storage

　　內(nèi)外環(huán)境統(tǒng)一性 the unity betweenthe internal and external environments

　　機(jī)體自身整體性 the integrity of thebody itself

　　古代唯物論和辯證法 classic Chinesematerialism and dialectics

　　矛盾統(tǒng)一the contradictoryunity

　　互相聯(lián)系、相互影響related to each otherand influence each other

　　標(biāo)本 Biao (secondaryaspect) and Ben (primary aspect)

　　本質(zhì)與現(xiàn)象nature and phenomena

　　矛盾的普遍性和特殊性u(píng)niversality andspeciality of contradictions

　　寒者熱之Cold disease shouldbe treated by warm therapy

　　熱者寒之warm disease shouldbe treated by cold therapy

　　虛者補(bǔ)之deficiency syndromeshould be treated by tonifying therapy

　　實(shí)者瀉之excess syndromeshould be treated by purgation therapy

　　治病必求其本 Treatment ofdiseases must concentrate on the root cause

　　同病異治 treatment ofthe same disease with different therapeutic methods

　　異病同治 treatment ofdifferent diseases with the same therapeutic method

　　[精氣神]

　　清陽為天 The lucid Yangascends to form the heaven

　　濁陰為地 The turbid Yindescends to constitute the earth

　　氣化 Qitransformation

　　升降出入 ascending,descending, going out, coming in

　　出入廢則神機(jī)化滅，升降息則氣立孤危。

　　If the activities of going out and coming intostop, the transforming mechanism of Shen (Spirit) will be damaged; if theactivities of ascending and descending stop, Qi will be immediately isolatedand endangered.

　　精氣 Jingqi(Essential-Qi)

　　先天之精 prenatalessence

　　后天之精 postnatalessence

　　神 Shen (spirit)

　　形神學(xué)說 the theory ofbody and spirit

　　形與神俱 the body andthe Shen (Spirit) exist simultaneously

　　形神統(tǒng)一 the unitybetween the body and the Shen (Spirit)

　　[治則]

　　病邪 pathogenicfactors

　　正氣存內(nèi)，邪不可干。

　　Sufficient Healthy-Qi inside the body will preventinvasion of pathogenic factors.

　　邪之所湊，其氣必虛。

　　The region where pathogenic factors invades mustbe deficient in Qi.

　　順?biāo)臅r(shí)而適寒暑，和喜怒而安居處

　　Abidance to the changes of the four seasons,active adapation to cold and heat, harmony of emotional changes and peacefulliving.

　　養(yǎng)生防病，延年益壽

　　cultivating health, preventing disease andprolonging life

　　[氣血津液]

　　氣化 qi transformation

　　氣機(jī) qi movement

　　元?dú)?原氣)primordial ( yuan qi)

　　真氣genuine qi (zhenqi)

　　宗氣pectoral qi (zong qi)

　　營氣nutritive qi( yingqi)

　　衛(wèi)氣defensive qi(wei ai)

　　氣的推動(dòng)功能 promotingaction of Qi

　　氣的溫煦功能 warming actionof Qi

　　氣的防御功能 defendingaction of Qi

　　氣的固攝功能 controllingaction of Qi

　　氣的氣化功能 action of QiTransformation

　　[血]

　　水谷精微 cereal essence

　　營氣和津液 nutrient qiand body fluid

　　營養(yǎng)和滋潤 nourishing andmoistening

　　血主濡之。

　　Blood is responsible for nurturing body.

　　中焦受氣取汁，變化而赤，是謂血。

　　The middle energizer receives qi, takes the juiceand transforms into red liquid called blood.

　　血虛 blooddeficiency/asthenia

　　血瘀 bloodstasis/stagnation

　　血熱 blood-heat

　　血寒 blood-cold

　　出血 hemorrhage

　　[津液]

　　津液Body fluid /Jin andYe

　　稠厚度thickness

　　成分，功能，分布property,function,distribution

　　分泌物secreta

　　膽汁、腸液、鼻涕、眼淚、汗液、尿液gastric juice, intestinal juice, nasal discharge, tears, sweat, urine

　　形成formation

　　分布distribution

　　排泄excretion

　　脾的傳輸transmitting of thespleen

　　肺的宣降dispersing anddescenging of the lung

　　腎的蒸騰氣化steaming andtransforming of the kidney

　　三焦為通道the triple energizerserve as the passage-way

　　飲入于胃，游溢精氣，上輸于脾，脾氣散精，上歸于肺，通調(diào)水道，下輸膀胱，水精四布，五經(jīng)并行。

　　After food and water have entered the stomach,they are digested and transformed into food essence and then, transmittedupward to the spleen, which disperses the essence upward to the lung and thelung regulates water pathways downward to the urinary bladder. And by doing sobody fluid is finally disseminated to all parts of the body along all themeridians and collaterals.

　　body fluid is formed from food and water bydigestion and absorption of the stomach, separating the clarity from theturbidity of the small intestine and tramformation of the spleen; thedistribution and excretion of body fluid are accomplished by the joint actionof many zang-fu organ, such as the transforming function of the spleen, thedispersing and descending function of the lung, the steaming and ascendingfunction of the kidney; and body fluid takes triple energizer as itspassageway for distribution and excretion.

　　(1)津液由胃中消化吸收、小腸進(jìn)行分清別濁、脾運(yùn)化的水谷中形成。(2)津液的分布和排泄由許多臟腑組織共同完成，如脾的運(yùn)化功能、肺的宣發(fā)肅降功能、腎的蒸發(fā)沉降功能。(3)津液以三焦為通道進(jìn)行分布和排泄。

　　[藏象學(xué)說]The Theory ofVisceral Manifestations

　　臟腑 the internalorgans,viscera.

　　藏/臟 solid organs, viscera, depots, zang organs, yin organs

　　府/腑 hollow organs, bowels (the intestines), palaces, fu organs, yang organs

　　五臟 five viscera,five zang organs, the yin organs

　　六腑 six bowels,six fu organs, the yang organs

　　心，肝，脾，肺，腎

　　heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney

　　膽，胃，大腸，小腸，膀胱，三焦

　　gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, smallintestine, (urinary) bladder, triple energizer/burner

　　奇恒之腑 extraordinaryfu organs

　　腦、髓、骨、脈、膽、女子胞

　　brain, marrow, bone, vessel, gallbladder, uterus

　　心包 pericardium

　　上/中/下焦 upper/ middle/lower energizer/burner

　　命門 gate of life, life gate, vital gate, gate of vitality

　　苗竅 signal orifice

　　膻中 thoracic center

　　膜(募)原 interior-exteriorinterspace

　　五神 five emotions

　　五華 five lustre

　　五體 five bodyconstituents

　　五志 five minds

　　五液 five humors

　　七情 seven emotions

　　膏肓cardio-diaphgramaticinterspace

　　丹田Dantan /Elixir field

　　赤白肉際：dorso-ventralboundary (of the hand or foot),

　　house of blood (血府): blood vessel

　　house of marrow (髓府): bone

　　sea of blood (血海): liver (orconception vessel)

　　sea of marrow (髓海): brain

　　blood chamber (血室): uterus (orconception vessel)

　　essence chamber (精室):life gate

　　藏精氣而不瀉 storing essencewithout leaking

　　傳化物而不藏 digesting andtransporting food and drink without storing essence /transform food intoessence but not store it

　　心主血脈。The heart governs theblood and (blood ) vessels.

　　The heart regulates the flow of blood.(circulation)

　　心藏神。The heart stores thespirit.

　　心開竅于舌。The heart opens intothe tongue.

　　舌為心之苗竅。The tongue is thesprout of the heart.

　　心，其華在面。

　　The Heart’s brilliance manifests in the face.

　　The heart’s bloom is in the face.

　　The heart has its outward manifestations on theface.

　　心與小腸相表里。

　　The heart stands in interior-exterior relationshipwith the small intestine.

　　肺主氣，通調(diào)水道。

　　The lung governs qi.

　　The lung regulates the waterways.

　　The lungs move and adjust the Water Channels.

　　肺主皮毛。

　　The lung governs the skin and [body] hair.

　　The lung is in charge of the body surface.

　　肺合皮毛。

　　The lung is interrelated with the skin and [body]hair.

　　The brilliance of the Lungs manifests in the bodyhair.

　　In other words, the Lungs regulate the secretionof sweat, the moistening of the skin, and resistance to External PerniciousInfluences.

　　肺開竅于鼻。The lung opens at thenose.

　　鼻為息道。The nose is the“thoroughfare for respiration”.

　　Many common nose and throat disorders aretherefore treated through the Lungs.

　　肺與大腸相表里。

　　The lung stands in interior-exterior relationshipwith the large intestine.

　　The lung governs qi and the heart governs blood.

　　肺為貯痰之器，脾為生痰之源。

　　The lung is the receptacle that holds phlegm andthe spleen is the source of phlegm formation.

　　肺為氣之主，腎為氣之根。

　　The lung is the governor of qi and the kidney isthe root of qi.

　　肺主一身之表。

　　The lung is in charge of the body surface.

　　肺主氣，司呼吸。

　　The lung governs qi, performsrespiration/controlls breathing

　　主宣發(fā)肅降governsdisseminating, cleansing and descending/ governs diffusion, purification anddescending

　　通調(diào)水道 regulates thewaterways

　　肺朝百脈,主治節(jié)

　　The lung connecting all vessels/The lung faces allthe blood vessels, governs management and regulation

　　脾主運(yùn)化水谷，輸布精微。

　　The spleen governs movement (transportation) andtransformation of grain and water and distribution of its essence.

　　脾統(tǒng)血。

　　The spleen manages the blood.

　　脾主肌肉和四肢，開竅于口。

　　The spleen governs the flesh and limbs, and opensinto the mouth.

　　胃主受納和腐熟水谷。

　　Take in, food intake

　　Decompose, digest food into chyme

　　The stomach governs intake and decomposition (digestion ) of grain and water.

　　升清

　　Send clarity (pure) upward

　　小腸主泌別清濁。

　　The small intestine governs separation of theclear and the turbid.

　　大腸主傳化糟粕。

　　the large intestine governs transformation andconveyance of waste.

　　肝主疏泄。

　　The liver governs free coursing, which refers toliver qi’s physiological function of ensuring smooth free flow (of qi andblood).

　　Ensuring smooth and regular floe of qi;

　　膽汁的化生和排泄

　　Secretion and discharge of bile

　　Emotional disturbance: mental depression, impatience,etc.

　　肝藏血。

　　The liver stores blood.

　　肝藏血是指肝有貯存血液和調(diào)節(jié)血量的作用。

　　The liver is capable of retaining blood andregulating the amount of blood in the body.

　　食氣入胃，淫精于肝。

　　Food qi enters the stomach and sends essence tothe liver.

　　肝主筋，其華在爪。

　　The liver governs the sinews; its bloom is thenails.

　　肝主筋。爪為筋之余。肝，其華在爪。

　　The liver governs the sinews: the movement of allthe sinews of the body is associated with the liver.

　　肝開竅于目。The liver opens atthe eyes.

　　腎藏精，主生長、發(fā)育和生殖。

　　The kidney stores essence (or essential qi), andis responsible for growth, development, and reproduction. (maturation)

　　腎主骨、生髓。

　　The kidney governs the bones and engenders marrow.

　　腎主水。

　　The kidney governs water.

　　腎開竅于耳和二陰。其華在發(fā)。

　　The kidney opens into the ears and the two yin(the two private parts: the urethra and anus) and its bloom is in the hair ofthe head.

　　Kidney yin (true yin, original yin) has a

　　moisten and nourish 滋養(yǎng)和濡潤

　　warm and activate推動(dòng)和溫煦

　　produce and store essence 化生和貯藏精氣

　　receive, trsport and transform water and food 受盛和傳化水谷

　　Viscera inside the body must manifest themselvesexternally.

　　有諸內(nèi)，必形諸外。

　　Kidney yin and kidney yang are in reality twoantagonistic and complementary aspects of kidney essential qi.

　　Detriment (damage or harm) to yin affects yang.

　　Detriment to yang affects yin

　　[病因]Etiology

　　邪，病邪 Evil; Pathogenicfactor; Pathogen

　　六淫six excesses; sixexogenous pathogenic factors; six climatic pathogenic factors; Six externalpernicious influences

　　風(fēng)、寒、暑、濕、燥、火 wind, cold,summer-heat, dampness, dryness,fire

　　外感六淫diseases caused byexogenous pathogenic factor

　　六氣Six qi;Six naturalfactors;Six climatic factors;Six climatic influences;Six exogenous qi

　　疫癘(癘氣)Pestilence;pestilential qi

　　內(nèi)生五邪 Five EndogenousPathogenic Factors;Five Internal Pernicious Influences

　　七情 seven emotions;seven affects

　　喜、怒、憂、思、悲、恐、驚 joy, anger, melancholy (sadness, worry), anxiety (pensiveness,contemplation), grief (sorrow), fear, fright

　　七情內(nèi)傷internal damage dueto seven emotions

　　飲食Improper diet;imbalanced diet

　　內(nèi)傷脾胃，百病由生。

　　Internal damage of the spleen and stomach willresult in the occurrence of various diseases./The occurrence of variousdiseases may result from the internal damage of the spleen and stomach.

　　外傷 traumaticinjuries

　　跌打損傷，金刃傷，蟲獸咬傷 Traumatic injuries due to fall, cuts, insect or animal bites

　　痰飲 Phlegm-fluid

　　瘀血 Blood stasis