Stomach Cancer

（圖片來源：百度）

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is cancer developing from the lining of the stomach（胃黏膜）. Early symptoms（癥狀）may include heartburn（燒心）, upper abdominal pain, nausea（惡心） and loss of appetite. Later signs and symptoms may include weight loss, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, vomiting（嘔吐）, difficulty swallowing, and blood in the stool（便血）among others. The cancer may spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, particularly the liver, lungs, bones, lining of the abdomen andlymph nodes（淋巴結(jié)）.

The most common cause is infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori（幽門螺桿菌）, which accounts for more than 60% of cases. Certain types of H. pylori have greater risks than others. Other common causes include eating pickled vegetables and smoking. About 10% of cases run in families and between 1% and 3% of cases are due to genetic syndromes（遺傳綜合征）inherited from a person's parents such as hereditary diffuse（彌漫型）gastric cancer. Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas（癌）. This type can be divided into a number of subtypes. Lymphomas（淋巴瘤）and mesenchymal tumors（間質(zhì)瘤）may also develop in the stomach. Most of the time, stomach cancer develops in stages over years. Diagnosis is usually bybiopsy（活檢）done during endoscopy（內(nèi)窺鏡）. This is followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread to other parts of the body. Japan and South Korea, two countries that have high rates of the disease, screen for stomach cancer.

（From Wikipedia）

Glossary

the lining of the stomach 胃黏膜

（圖片來源：百度）

heartburn

Br[?hɑ:tb?:n]Am[?hɑ:rtb?:rn]

燒心

Heartburn, also known as acid indigestion, is a burning sensation in the central chest or upper central abdomen.

（圖片來源：百度）

blood in stool 便血

The term "blood in stool" is usually not used to describe fecal occult blood, which refers to blood that is not visible and thus is found only after chemical testing is performed.

lymph node

Br[l?mf n?ud] Am[l?mf nod]

淋巴結(jié)

A lymph node is an oval- or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, present widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach and linked by lymphatic vessels.

（圖片來源：百度）

lymphoma

Br[l?m?f??m?]Am[l?m?fo?m?]

淋巴瘤

Lymphoma is a group of blood cell tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).

（圖片來源：百度）

diffusion

Br[d?'fju:?n] Am[d??fju??n]

彌散性

Diffusionis the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential).

（圖片來源：wikipedia）

mesenchyme

Br['mez?nka?m] Am['mes'mez?n?ka?m]

間質(zhì)

Mesenchyme is a type of tissue characterized by loosely associated cells that lack polarity and are surrounded by a large extracellular matrix（細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)）.

（圖片來源：百度）

endoscopy

Br[en?d?sk?pi]Am[en?dɑ:sk?pi]

內(nèi)窺鏡

Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscope,an instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body.

（圖片來源：wikipedia）

討論學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)

試譯

胰腺炎

胰腺是一個(gè)較大的分泌消化酶的器官，位于胃后方。此器官的炎癥即為胰腺炎。胰腺炎包括兩種主要類型，急性胰腺炎和慢性胰腺炎。其體征和癥狀包括上腹疼痛、惡心以及嘔吐。

一般背部疼痛也會，并且很劇烈。在急性胰腺炎中，可能會出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱的癥狀，不過癥狀通常在幾天內(nèi)消退。在慢性胰腺炎中可能會出現(xiàn)消瘦、脂性便以及腹瀉的癥狀。胰腺炎通常伴有的并發(fā)癥包括感染、出血、糖尿病或其他器官病變。

急性胰腺炎最常見的病因是膽結(jié)石和酗酒。

此外，還有一些其它病因，包括直接創(chuàng)傷、某些藥物療法、諸如流行性腮腺炎的感染以及腫瘤等。同時(shí)，急性胰腺炎也很可能發(fā)展成慢性胰腺炎，不過對于慢性胰腺炎，最常見的致病因素還是多年的酗酒。其他病因還包括高血脂，高血鈣、某些藥物、某些遺傳性疾病(例如囊性纖維化)等等。而吸煙對急性胰腺炎和慢性胰腺炎都會增加致病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

診斷急性胰腺炎時(shí)，以血液中淀粉酶或脂肪酶(脂肪酶) 含量增長三倍為基準(zhǔn)。這類測試在慢性胰腺炎中通常會顯示正常。除此之外，醫(yī)療成像，例如超聲波檢查和CT掃描，都可用于該疾病的診斷。

譯者注一

1、Pancreatitis（胰腺炎）is inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreasis a large organ behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes（消化酶）.

這句話的翻譯如果直譯：胰腺炎是胰腺的炎癥。胰腺位于胃后方，產(chǎn)生消化酶的較大器官。

試譯者深感別扭，斗膽調(diào)動了順序。最終譯稿，將內(nèi)容位置進(jìn)行了重新的排列。先提出胰腺，在引出此部位的炎癥即為胰腺炎，用胰腺炎和后文的介紹相接。

胰腺是一主要的消化酶分泌器官，位于胃的后方。胰腺炎就是指胰腺部位的炎癥。

譯者注二

1、Medical imagingsuch as ultrasound（超聲波檢查）and CT scan（CT掃描）may also be useful.

除此之外，醫(yī)療成像，例如超聲波檢查和CT掃描可用于診斷此疾病。

這句話也是，本人譯文增加了除此之外，根據(jù)的是also的含義，useful后面本人則加譯了賓語出來。也是非常希望得到大家的指點(diǎn)。

編輯：Echo

審校：Lara