英漢同聲傳譯的技巧
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英漢的技巧:
一、謂語動(dòng)詞的處理
英語謂語動(dòng)詞一般不會(huì)構(gòu)成同傳的障礙,但特定類型的謂語如果處理得當(dāng),可以幫助搭好句子框架,減少接續(xù)困難,提高同傳效率,減輕大腦負(fù)擔(dān)。不少情況下,英語謂語由動(dòng)詞加名詞構(gòu)成,表示一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的意思,這時(shí),我們可以將其譯為動(dòng)詞,我們稱之為詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。
詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是筆譯時(shí)經(jīng)常提及的方法,在同傳中更為常用。如果說詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是筆譯時(shí)可供選擇的手段,在同傳中則是同傳必不可少手段。例如:My delegation will show flexibility in the consultations on the program of work.筆譯時(shí)既可譯為我國代表團(tuán)在工作計(jì)劃的磋商中將表現(xiàn)出靈活性,也可以轉(zhuǎn)換詞類,譯為我國代表團(tuán)將靈活地磋商工作計(jì)劃。在同傳中如果采取前者,必定要將全句聽完后再開始譯,會(huì)造成翻譯過度滯后,影響下一句的理解與表達(dá);如果不適當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)換詞類,開口就說出我國代表團(tuán)將表現(xiàn)出靈活性,則往下接續(xù)就不大容易;如果采取后種譯法,則可以緊跟原文順序,作到幾乎與原文同步結(jié)束,為下一句爭(zhēng)取了寶貴的時(shí)間。從這個(gè)意義上講,詞類轉(zhuǎn)換對(duì)同傳更為重要。請(qǐng)看其它例句:
(1)The multinational force is a concrete translation of the will of the international community that aggression stands to lose and that the use of force avails nothing but destruction.多國部隊(duì)切實(shí)反映了國際社會(huì)的意愿,即侵略注定要失敗,使用武力只能招致毀滅。(名詞→動(dòng)詞)(筆譯還可譯為是國際社會(huì)意愿的切實(shí)反映)
(2)The commitment to the free market has found its most forceful expression in the decision of the ASEAN leaders to establish an ASEAN Free Trade Area through the steady reduction and eventual elimination of trade barriers within ASEAN.對(duì)自由市場(chǎng)的承諾最有力地表現(xiàn)在東盟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人決定建立東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū),辦法是逐步削減并最終消除東盟內(nèi)部的貿(mào)易壁壘。(名詞→動(dòng)詞)(另請(qǐng)注意狀語through譯法)
其它如將to be the clear indicators of 譯為清楚地表明;將to be clear evidence of 譯為清楚地證明;將to generate the impetus譯為推動(dòng)等。
為了能夠達(dá)到順譯的目的,對(duì)謂語還可以進(jìn)行其它類型的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換:
(3)International order rests upon scrupulous observance, in letter and spirit, of the fundamental principles of non-use of force or threat of force. 國際秩序的基礎(chǔ)是嚴(yán)格遵守、不折不扣地遵守不使用武力或和不以武力相威脅的根本原則。(動(dòng)詞→名詞)
(4)We should help in ways which are mutually beneficial to both developing and developed countries.我們?cè)姆椒☉?yīng)同時(shí)有利于發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達(dá)國家。(動(dòng)詞→名詞,形容詞→動(dòng)詞)
英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)謂語的處理也是同傳的難點(diǎn)之一。被動(dòng)句在筆譯和交替?zhèn)髯g時(shí)經(jīng)常變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)句譯,如:
But at the same time, many doubts have been raised about the capacity of the UN system to cope.可是同時(shí),人們也提出了很多疑問:聯(lián)合國系統(tǒng)究竟有多大的應(yīng)付能力。
這種方法同樣適用于同傳,但同傳時(shí)為了達(dá)到順譯的目的,還可以采取其它一些變通方法,比如將謂語動(dòng)詞和主語合并譯為名詞短語作漢語主語:
(1)The economic freedom was provided by breaking up large concentration of power.經(jīng)濟(jì)自由的獲得是因?yàn)榇蚱屏烁叨燃械臋?quán)力。
(2)Many of these problems can be addressed by improving the rural land system.其中很多問題的解決,要靠改善農(nóng)村的土地制度。(或要得到解決,必須改善)
(3)The Philippine economy is ruled no longer by the tyranny of excessive regulation or of corporate monopoly but by the invigorating regime of market forces and free competition.菲律賓的經(jīng)濟(jì)已不再遭受過度管制或公司壟斷,而是充滿了市場(chǎng)力量和自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制的活力。(形象化的語言可以只譯主要意思)
(4)Hence, democratization must be accompanied by sustained efforts to further the cause of human dignity and freedom. 因此,搞民主化的同時(shí)必須不斷努力推進(jìn)促進(jìn)人類尊嚴(yán)和自由的事業(yè)。
二、定語的處理方法
除單詞和較短的片語外,英語的定語通常在后,漢語一般在前。將英語的后置定語譯為中文時(shí)理應(yīng)調(diào)整語序,使之符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。筆譯時(shí)無時(shí)間限制,可以先譯后面,再譯前面,通盤安排語序。而同聲傳譯時(shí)由于無法預(yù)見定語,已經(jīng)將定語之前的部分先行譯出;或者知道有定語,但定語過長(zhǎng),譯完定語再譯中心詞有可能將中心詞忘掉,這時(shí),我們就需要通過靈活變通的辦法,在不對(duì)原文語序作重大調(diào)整的情況下,將定語在中心詞之后譯出。綜合起來,可以應(yīng)用以下幾種手段:
1、獨(dú)立成句
(1)This has been a major engine of economic growth comparable to the earlier experiences in South East Asian neighboring countries.這大大帶動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),類似于東南亞各國早期的發(fā)展歷程。
(2)Our foreign secretary on one occasion spelt out our objectives in terms of three quite simple principles which I think are still true.我們的外務(wù)大臣有一次清楚地講述了我們的目標(biāo),它包括三項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)單的原則,我想現(xiàn)在還適用。
2、譯為使之
(3) We should look for policies which help and do not harm our neighbors.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)尋求各種政策,使之幫助而非損害我們的鄰國。
(4)Unlike other economies, we do not have the luxury of opening an exchange which will grow and change as the economy grows.不象其它經(jīng)濟(jì)體,我們不可能開辦一個(gè)證交所,使之隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展而發(fā)展變化。(另請(qǐng)注意加點(diǎn)部分的譯法,原文形象丟失)
(5)It is true that liberalization of foreign exchange controls is required, but promotion of the entry of foreign capital which matches national policies is also required.不錯(cuò),放松外匯管制是必要的,但促進(jìn)外資流入,使之配合國家政策,也是必要的。
3、譯為如果、只要
(6)I believe that the history of economic development since the War demonstrates that those political systems which provide maximum freedom for the private sector and which have encouraged, rather than restricted, trade and development have done best.我相信,戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展史表明,政治體制只要最大限度地給予私有部門自由,只要鼓勵(lì),而非限制貿(mào)易與投資,便是最為成功的。
4、重復(fù)中心詞
(7)As in the past, so also in the future, Pakistan will extend its whole-hearted co-operation to all other states in common efforts aimed realizing the ideals that inspired the establishment of UN. 如同過去一樣,在未來,巴基斯坦將與其它國家全心合作,共同努力,實(shí)現(xiàn)這種理想,這種激勵(lì)聯(lián)合國成立的理想。
(8)The sanctions regime which the Security Council Imposed on Iraq actually has no parallel in the history of the United Nations.這一制裁體制,聯(lián)合國對(duì)伊拉克的制裁體制,在聯(lián)合國的歷史上是前所未有的。
(9)As a matter of fact, the Security Council Committee established by resolution 661(1990) to oversee the strict implementation of the sanctions regime has not to date reported any violations of the sanctions.事實(shí)上,安理會(huì)委員會(huì),即依照661(1990)號(hào)決議成立,用以監(jiān)督嚴(yán)格實(shí)施制裁體制的委員會(huì),迄今為止還沒有報(bào)道過違反制裁的情況。
上述譯法在同傳中相當(dāng)普遍,雖然它有時(shí)不太符合漢語習(xí)慣,但對(duì)意思沒有損害。這種譯法的好處是可以緊跟原文,將經(jīng)過大腦的信息迅速處理掉,使之不妨礙下面的理解與翻譯。另外,先大聲將中心詞譯出可以加強(qiáng)記憶,不致于在定語譯出后被忘記,從而減輕了大腦的記憶負(fù)擔(dān)。但有時(shí)上述處理方法失靈,就必須將中心詞留待定語后譯出,與交替?zhèn)髯g或筆譯相同。如:
(10)A fifth weakness related to the conditions under which foreign financial institutions operate in the Peoples Republic of China. 第五個(gè)弱點(diǎn)是外國金融機(jī)構(gòu)在中國運(yùn)作的條件。
(11)The way in which this crisis will be resolved will therefore definitely affect the nature and future of international economic and political relations.如何解決這次危機(jī)將毫無疑問地影響到國際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的性質(zhì)和未來。
5、中心詞和定語可以合并構(gòu)成完整的句子
(12) At the conclusion of the Paris Summit last week, a momentous declaration marked the end of the cold war, an era in contemporary history characterized mainly by ideological and military confrontation between the two competing blocks.巴黎首腦會(huì)議上周結(jié)束時(shí)產(chǎn)生了一份重大宣言,它標(biāo)志著冷戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束。當(dāng)代歷史上的這一時(shí)代曾充滿了意識(shí)形態(tài)和軍事對(duì)抗,它發(fā)生在兩個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的集團(tuán)之間。
(13) Assistance is also needed for the million and half refugees in Pakistan who are still unable to return to their homeland, pending the creation of conducive economic and political conditions. 還需要提供援助,幫助一百五十萬阿富汗難民。他們被困在巴基斯坦,不能返回自己的家園,因?yàn)槟抢镞€缺乏有利的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)條件。(另請(qǐng)注意本句照顧到語序根據(jù)意思作的添加)
6、譯為插入成分
(14) It is not being reported in the press, but many Iraqi and foreign ships sailing to and from Iraqi and Kuwaiti ports are being stopped and searched on the high seas or at nearby ports in order to ascertain that no violations of the sanctions are taking place.報(bào)紙上沒有報(bào)道,但有很多伊拉克和外國船只──它們來往于伊拉克和科威特港口──受到了攔截和搜查,以確保沒有違反制裁的情況發(fā)生。
7、加動(dòng)詞,變?yōu)闈h語的目的狀語
(15) The sixth weakness that I like to highlight relates to the lack of a well developed regulatory and supervisory framework for banks and non-bank institutions.我想指出的第六個(gè)弱點(diǎn)是缺乏發(fā)育完善的監(jiān)管機(jī)制,來監(jiān)督與管理銀行和非銀行金融機(jī)構(gòu)。
(16) Work on the development of a common code and operating procedure for all personnel servicing under the UN flag should be brought to an early conclusion.制定一套行為準(zhǔn)則和行動(dòng)程序,以指導(dǎo)所有聯(lián)合國人員,這一工作應(yīng)當(dāng)早日結(jié)束。(另請(qǐng)注意將work留待稍后譯出;flag的形象丟失)
8、譯為比如說,表示列舉
(17) But while the opportunities for cooperation have never been greater, the challenges to the international community posed by regional conflicts, humanitarian crisis and unresolved transnational problems have also never been greater.雖然合作的機(jī)會(huì)從來沒有這么大,但國際社會(huì)面臨的挑戰(zhàn),比如說地區(qū)沖突、人道主義危機(jī)和懸而未決的跨國問題,也從來沒有這么大過。
以上是英語較長(zhǎng)的后置定語在同傳中的基本處理技巧,對(duì)于前置定語或較短的后置定語,同傳中一般不構(gòu)成問題,通常譯為漢語的前置定語,這里就不多談。下面我們看一下英語較長(zhǎng)的后置狀語在同傳中的處理技巧。
在一些有after和before的句子中可以將其反說,比如:
【例】I would like to make one point clear before I move on to the next point.
【譯】我想先澄清一下,然后再講下一部分。
【例】I would like to move on to the next part after I clarify one point.
【譯】我想談下一部分,在這之前先澄清一點(diǎn)。
04轉(zhuǎn)換詞性
☆ 名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞
【例】the development and application of new telecom service
【譯】如果聽到整句主語后才開始切入翻譯會(huì)稍顯滯后,此時(shí)可以試著將這些名詞譯成動(dòng)詞,這樣其實(shí)也符合英語的表達(dá)方式??勺g為:開發(fā)和運(yùn)用新的電信業(yè)務(wù)。
【例】In China, the full opening up and the profound reform in the public services areas to the foreign encounter parts greatly give impetus to the development of the tertiary industry.
【譯】可將此句譯成:在中國, 全面開放和深化改革公共服務(wù)領(lǐng)域,并將其向國外同行開放,這會(huì)極大推動(dòng)第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。
還有一些同類表達(dá):
clear evidence of 清楚地表明
give impetus to 有力地推動(dòng)
an obvious violation of 顯然違反了
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