怎樣通過翻譯讓中國文化走出去？
所在位置： 翻譯公司 > 新聞資訊 > 翻譯知識 / 日期：2017-10-28 16:33:50 / 來源：網(wǎng)絡(luò)
中國對外影響日隆，讓學(xué)術(shù)界也熱鬧起來。著名翻譯家、浙江大學(xué)教授許鈞先生撰文指出 ，要通過文化譯介，助推中華文化走出去，甚至要改變譯聲外被重視不足的問題。確實，目前中國 文化還未在海外邁開雙腿，來去自由，而更像坐在輪椅上，上坡的時候尚需有人助推一把。但過度 依賴助推，對中國文化在海外的自足發(fā)展，并不一定有利。
China's foreign influence day long, so that the academic community is also lively. A famous translator, Zhejiang University Professor Mr. Xu Jun pointed out that through the "cultural translation", promote Chinese culture to go out, even to change the problem of insufficient attention outside. Indeed, at present, Chinese culture has not taken the legs overseas, come and go freely, and more like a wheelchair, uphill when someone needs to "boost" a. But relying too much on "boosting" is not necessarily beneficial to the self-sufficiency of Chinese culture abroad.中國文化的對外譯介，尚且存在人才不足的瓶頸。中國翻譯協(xié)會副會長黃友義曾稱，中國 真正合格的譯聲英人才不足百人。人才的匱乏導(dǎo)致的文化逆差一時難以改變（參見中新社記者2008 年對黃友義的采訪《中國稀缺譯聲英人才導(dǎo)致文化逆差》）。這是一重現(xiàn)實。另外一重現(xiàn)實， 是因為進入門檻低，而今是個高校都有外國語學(xué)院，乍一看人才濟濟。國家的各種翻譯、外宣基金，都 在體制內(nèi)，經(jīng)由外語院校和系科承接，吸引一眾學(xué)者和教育管理者去競爭。
There is still a bottleneck in the introduction and translation of Chinese culture. Huang Youyi, vice president of the Chinese Translation Association, said that China's truly qualified Chinese and English translation talents are less than 100. The lack of talent has made the cultural deficit difficult to change for a while. (see the interview with Huang Youyi, an interview with China News Agency in 2008. This is a serious reality. Another reality is, because of low barriers to entry, is now a university have foreign language college, at first glance, a galaxy of talents. The various translation, publicity fund, all within the system, undertake by foreign institutions and departments, attract scholars and education managers to compete.
有這么多外語系，在培養(yǎng)著大量的人才，為什么還存在譯聲外人才匱乏呢？一般來說，中 譯外工作應(yīng)多由以目標(biāo)文字為母語的人士承擔(dān)。當(dāng)代漢學(xué)家宇文所安教授曾表示：中國正在花錢把中 文典籍翻譯成英語。但這項工作絕不可能奏效。沒有人會讀這些英文譯本。中國可以更明智地使用其資 源。不管我的中文有多棒，我都絕不可能把英文作品翻譯成滿意的中文。譯者始終都應(yīng)該把外語翻譯成 自己的母語，絕不該把母語翻譯成外語。 英國漢學(xué)家葛瑞漢也持有類似觀點。（參見寧波大學(xué)外國語 學(xué)院教授在《光明日報》上所撰文章《中國典籍誰來譯》，）而在國內(nèi)翻譯界，這也是大家默認(rèn)的 規(guī)則。不顧此規(guī)律，由非母語人士承接譯聲外項目，大多是土法煉鋼，多出廢品而非精品。即便一流的 國內(nèi)譯聲外翻譯家，也是內(nèi)熱外冷，作品在外門可羅雀。很多強行翻譯成外文的書籍，有的是質(zhì)量不行 或者不能得到潛在翻譯者的認(rèn)可，找不到合適的人選來翻譯。有的翻譯，則是作者的虛榮項目，或 單位的政績工程，是自己掏錢請人翻的。雇主假裝出了大錢，翻譯假裝出了大力，大家心照不宣。
There are so many foreign languages departments that are developing a large number of talents. Why is there still a shortage of Chinese and foreign talents? Generally speaking, Chinese and foreign translation should be undertaken by target language speakers. The Sinologist Stephen Owen said: "Professor Chinese is paid to Chinese classics translation into english. But this work will never work. No one can read these English translations. China can use its resources more wisely. No matter how good my Chinese is, I can never translate English works into satisfactory chinese. Translators should always translate foreign language into their mother tongue, and never translate their mother tongue into foreign language." The British Sinologist, Charles de grace, holds a similar view. (referring to the article written by the professor of foreign languages at the Ningbo University in Guangming Daily, who translated Chinese books.) and in the domestic translation field, this is also the default rule. This is not the law, by non- native speakers to undertake in the translation of foreign projects, mostly indigenous, more waste rather than the fine. Even if the domestic first-class translation of foreign translators, but also the cold outside the heat, work in the streets outside the door. Many books which are forced to be translated into foreign languages are quality or not recognized by potential translators and can not find suitable candidates to translate them. Some translation is the author's "vanity" project, or unit performance projects, is their own money to ask people to turn over. The employer pretended to have made a lot of money, and the interpreter pretended to have made a big effort.
改變譯聲外和外譯中的逆差局面，關(guān)鍵還是要深化對外開放。如果增加中國護照的含 金量，并按對等原則，讓其他國家人容易進入中國，雙方來去便利，交流頻繁，則文化走出去水到渠成 ，不用助推。與此同時，也可考慮如下策略：
In order to change the deficit situation in Chinese translation and foreign translation, the key is to deepen the opening to the outside world. If the Chinese passport to increase the value of gold, and in accordance with the principle of reciprocity, so that other people easily access to China, the two sides come and go convenient, frequent exchanges, then the culture of going out, without a boost. At the same time, the following strategies can be considered:
第一，欲求送出去，必先請進來。應(yīng)吸引更多外國人加入中國文 學(xué)的翻譯。現(xiàn)在在中國學(xué)習(xí)、工作且精通漢語的外國人比過去多了很多。他們常作為白面孔、黑 面孔，上電視參加各種節(jié)目，成為娛樂對象，這是很可惜的。不如增加撥款渠道和基金，讓他們來參 與對外翻譯工作。比如愛爾蘭文學(xué)基金會，就主動設(shè)立基金，請人翻譯愛爾蘭文學(xué)作品。這是可以借鑒 的。
First, the desire to send out, you must first come in. More foreigners should be attracted to the translation of Chinese literature. Foreigners who study and work in China and are now proficient in Chinese are much more numerous than before. It is a pity that they often act as "white faces" and "black faces", and participate in various programs on TV as entertainment. It is better to increase funding channels and funds so that they can participate in foreign translation work. The Irish Literary foundation, for example, has set up a fund to translate Irish literature. This can be used for reference.
第二，以民間交流為主體。記得 2009年舉辦的法蘭克福書展，中國是主賓國，專門有版 權(quán)服務(wù)站；書展上也簽下了多筆版權(quán)訂單。政府也批準(zhǔn)了中國學(xué)術(shù)名著、中國文學(xué)名著、大中華文庫 等出版系列工程。不知在其他地方成效幾何，僅從美國看，從網(wǎng)下到網(wǎng)上，中國經(jīng)典還是冷門偏門。學(xué) 界對中國文獻的經(jīng)典，也多沿襲前人定位。說典籍必談諸子百家和儒佛道。但有心栽花花不開，無意 插柳柳成行。一些我們認(rèn)定為好的東西，他人出于種種考慮，漠視甚至排斥。 再者，《論語》、《道 德經(jīng)》這些經(jīng)典，已經(jīng)有了很多現(xiàn)成的譯本，不必再三炒冷飯。而劉慈欣這些科幻作家，經(jīng)過民間渠道 ，在國外反成了氣候。他的《三體》譯本，連奧巴馬都買來看。這樣的傳播，是民間自發(fā)開展的，不假 官方助推之力。
Second, take civil exchange as the main body. Remember the 2009 Frankfurt book fair, Chinese is the country of honor, has a special "copyright service station"; the fair also signed a number of orders of copyright. The government also approved a series of publishing projects, such as Chinese academic classics, Chinese literary classics and the library of great chinese. I do not know the geometric effects in other places, only from the United States, from the network to the Internet, China classic or popular loopholes. The classics of academic circles in China also follow the predecessors' positions. That book will talk about all classes of authors and Confucianism and buddhism. But "heart planted, flowers do not open, no intention of inserting Liu Liu line."." Some things we think are good, others think, ignore, or even reject. Furthermore, the "Analects of Confucius", "moral" these classics, there has been a lot of ready-made versions, without repeatedly reinventing the wheel. And Liu Cixin, these science fiction writers, through folk channels, in foreign countries into a climate. His "three body" version, even Obama bought it. Such dissemination is carried out spontaneously by the people, and it is not the force of official promotion.
第三，拓展對于價值的認(rèn)知。這些年我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個非常有趣的現(xiàn)象，在中國被奉為學(xué)貫中西 的大家，如陳寅恪、辜鴻銘，在國外幾乎沒有多少人知道。而國外熟知的中國人，如晏陽初，則中國罕 有人知。如果我們拓展對于價值的認(rèn)知，為什么不在譯介中，助推已經(jīng)可能被外國人接受的晏 陽初們的著作？
Third, expand the knowledge of value. These years I found a very interesting phenomenon, in China is regarded as Chinese people, such as Chen Yinque, Gu Hongming, in a foreign country almost not many people know. And foreign well-known Chinese, such as Yan Yangchu, China is rare. If we expand the "value" of cognition, why not in translation, "boost" may have been accepted by foreigners who his works?
第四，增加中外合作。如果沒有足夠的人才，從事譯聲外的工作，中外合作也是好辦法。 例如中國古代文獻，不要說外國人，就是我們自己有時候也難看懂。如屬中外專家合作，則會產(chǎn)生不同 可能。需要警惕的是，文字工作過程漫長，合作的話，也需默契。多少年來，也只有楊憲益戴乃迭這種 夫妻搭配比較成功。政府能做的，是增加些中外協(xié)作，在協(xié)作的流程和質(zhì)量控制上做些文章。如果真認(rèn) 為某作品重要，可以組建團隊來翻，讓有的人從事中文翻譯，有的人負(fù)責(zé)外文潤色，有的人負(fù)責(zé)回譯以 驗證譯文準(zhǔn)確性。一些宗教典籍，如《圣經(jīng)》翻譯是通過團隊協(xié)作方式完成，所產(chǎn)生的和合本譯本至今 仍被使用。好的團隊協(xié)作合流程再造，能夠解決人才不足的問題。
Fourth, increasing cooperation between China and foreign countries. If there is not enough talent to engage in Chinese and foreign translation work, Sino foreign cooperation is also a good way. For example, ancient Chinese literature, do not say foreigners, it is our own, sometimes difficult to understand. Cooperation between Chinese and foreign experts will lead to different possibilities. Need to be vigilant is that the text of the long process of work, co-operation, but also need tacit understanding. For many years, only Yang Xianyi and Dai Naidie have been successful with each other. What the government can do is to increase the cooperation between China and foreign countries and do some articles on the process and quality control of cooperation. If you really think that a work is important, you can form a team to turn it around, so that some people engage in Chinese translation, some people are responsible for foreign language polishing, and some people responsible for translation to verify the accuracy of translation. Some religious texts, such as the Bible translation, are done by team work, and the resulting translations are still used today. Good teamwork and process reengineering can solve the problem of lack of qualified personnel.
第五，嘗試共享翻譯。過去的翻譯，個人英雄主義流行。一旦某個人的翻譯被發(fā)現(xiàn)有瑕疵 ，則可能連人帶書被通盤否定。水燒到90度，被倒掉重?zé)?。再有人燒?0度，又被倒掉，如此反復(fù)。倘 若能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)模式上的突破。假如能像軟件開發(fā)那樣，讓后面的人修改前人錯誤，增加補丁，升級版 本，陸續(xù)認(rèn)可所有參與者的功勞，則不廢前人努力，有益于逐步改進，功莫大焉。一些網(wǎng)友，如譯言 曾有過合作翻譯的嘗試，大概是因為缺乏資助，沒有大規(guī)模拓展開。在這個有共享單車的時代，共享 翻譯，還是可以繼續(xù)嘗試的。
Fifth, try sharing translations. In the past, personal heroism was popular. Once someone's translation has been found to be flawed, it may even be taken with the book in full denial. The water was burned to 90 degrees and drained and burned. Another person burned to 80 degrees, and was thrown out, so repeatedly. If we can achieve a breakthrough in mode. If you like software development, let the people behind the change of previous errors, increase the "patch" upgrade version, have recognized all participants in the credit, is not beneficial to the waste of previous efforts, gradually improved, great. Some users, such as "Yeeyan" attempts have been made to cooperative translation, presumably because of a lack of funding, no large-scale expansion. In this era of sharing bikes, sharing translations, you can still keep trying.
中國文化傳向全世界，參與世界文明的交流與對話，也需要我們繼續(xù)保持謙虛姿態(tài)。經(jīng)濟 、文化各有規(guī)律，未必會同步發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，強勢的國際形象，雖然最終會強化文化影響力，但這 種關(guān)系，也是有一定延后效應(yīng)的。即便譯聲外、外譯中再保持逆差五十年，也應(yīng)有胸襟坦然對待。
China's culture spread to the whole world and to participate in the exchange and dialogue of world civilizations, and we also need to continue to be modest. The economy and culture are in regular order and may not develop simultaneously. Economic development, a strong international image, although ultimately will strengthen cultural influence, but this relationship is also a certain delay effect. Even if the foreign language translation and foreign translation to maintain a deficit of fifty years, should also be broad-minded.
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翻譯知識相關(guān)問答
問：如果翻譯的稿件只有幾百字，如何收費?
答：對于不足一千字的稿件，目前有兩種收費標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 1)不足一千字按一千字計算。 2)對于身份證、戶口本、駕駛證、營業(yè)執(zhí)照、公證材料等特殊稿件按頁計費。
問：請問貴司的筆譯范圍？
答：筆譯翻譯又稱人工筆頭翻譯, 既通過文字形式的翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換, 把源語言翻譯成目標(biāo)語言, 是當(dāng)今全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展, 政治文化交流的主要方式, 筆譯通過文字展現(xiàn)方式, 使全世界上千種語言能夠互通有無, 每天都有數(shù)以億計的文字被翻譯或轉(zhuǎn)譯, 筆譯肩負(fù)著世界各國經(jīng)濟文化發(fā)展的重任, 是各國各民族的文化大使, 我們的筆譯領(lǐng)域涉及十大類專業(yè)領(lǐng)域和五百多種不同的分領(lǐng)域。
問：是否可以請高校教師、學(xué)者或?qū)W生翻譯？
答：絕對不能，風(fēng)險自負(fù)。許多公司在尋找譯者時，首先想到的是當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)校或大學(xué)的外語院系。有時，這種做法對于供內(nèi)部使用的翻譯可能有效，即，您只想了解文件大意，但對于正式的公司宣傳材料、手冊或者合同文檔而言，這樣做卻風(fēng)險極大。外語教學(xué)需要有特殊的技能，但這些技能卻與翻譯一篇流利、優(yōu)美的文章所需的技能完全不同。讓學(xué)生來做翻譯看起來經(jīng)濟實惠，但風(fēng)險更高，因為他們毫無實戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗，翻譯出來的文件基本無法使用。
問：翻譯交稿時間周期為多長?
答：翻譯交稿時間與您的文件大小以及復(fù)雜程度有關(guān)。每個專業(yè)譯者的正常翻譯速度為3000-4000中文字/天，對于加急的大型項目，我們將安排多名譯員進行翻譯，由項目經(jīng)理將文件拆分成若干文件，分配給不同的譯員進行翻譯，翻譯后由項目經(jīng)理進行文件的合并，并經(jīng)統(tǒng)一術(shù)語、審校、質(zhì)控、排版等翻譯流程，最終交付給客戶。
問：提供一個網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)址，能夠給出翻譯報價嗎?
答：對于網(wǎng)站翻譯，如果您能提供網(wǎng)站的FTP，或您從后臺將整個網(wǎng)站下載打包給我們，我們可在10分鐘內(nèi)給出精確報價。同時，只要您提供原始網(wǎng)頁文件，我們會提供給您格式與原網(wǎng)頁完全一致的目標(biāo)語言版本，可以直接上線使用，省卻您的改版時間。
問：為什么標(biāo)點符號也要算翻譯字?jǐn)?shù)？
答：①根據(jù)中華人民共和國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 19363.1-2003 對翻譯行業(yè)服務(wù)規(guī)范的要求，中文字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計是以不計空格字符數(shù)為計算單位的。標(biāo)點符號算翻譯字?jǐn)?shù)是統(tǒng)一的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
②標(biāo)點符號在不同的語種中，有不同的表達方式，例如中文的標(biāo)點符號大多是全角的，英文的無特殊設(shè)置都是半角的，而且如果一句話或一段內(nèi)容夾雜兩種不同的語言，標(biāo)點符號的規(guī)則就相對復(fù)雜，對于翻譯文件來說，標(biāo)點符號的部分也是很費時。
③另外，標(biāo)點符號在句子中對句子語境等的限制因素，使得標(biāo)點對句子、對譯員翻譯判斷等起到一定的要求。所以，該部分也要計算在內(nèi)。
④可能我們平時不是很注重標(biāo)點符號，其實在文字表達中，標(biāo)點符號的重要不亞于單字單詞，一個標(biāo)點符號可以改變?nèi)湓挼囊馑?，而我們的工作也是做到了這一點，保證每個標(biāo)點符號的準(zhǔn)確，保證譯文表達的意思和原文一樣。
問：需要與你們公司什么人接洽翻譯業(yè)務(wù)呢？
答：我們公司采取專屬客服服務(wù)模式。為企業(yè)客戶配備專屬客服，一對一溝通具體翻譯需求，組建專屬譯員團隊。
問：為何每家翻譯公司的報價不一樣?
答：大家都知道一分價格一分貨，在翻譯行業(yè)里更為突出，譯員的水平是劃分等級的。新開的翻譯公司或不具備翻譯資質(zhì)的公司為了搶占市場，惡意攪亂，以次充好，低價吸引客戶。
問：為什么數(shù)字、字母也要算翻譯字?jǐn)?shù)？
答：根據(jù)中華人民共和國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 19363.1-2003 對翻譯行業(yè)服務(wù)規(guī)范的要求，中文字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計是以不計空格字符數(shù)為計算單位的。而數(shù)字、字母也是包含在其中。而對翻譯公司來說，數(shù)字和字母也要算翻譯字?jǐn)?shù)的原因還包括以下兩個方面：
首先，我們的收費都是根據(jù)國家頒布的翻譯服務(wù)規(guī)范來收取翻譯費用，對待收費我們都是統(tǒng)一對待的，其次，數(shù)字和字母也是文章中的一部分，特別是在一些商務(wù)文件中，數(shù)字就是文件的主題，所以也是一樣要收費的。
另外，純數(shù)字字母需要核對、錄入，比翻譯一個詞語更麻煩，翻譯是大腦里面概念形成的，而純數(shù)字字母是要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)暮藢?、錄入才能實現(xiàn)的，這將會花費更多的時間，所以我們會把數(shù)字和字母也算成字?jǐn)?shù)。
但是有一種情況除外，如審計報告里面那種數(shù)據(jù)很多而且又不需要我們翻譯可以直接保留的，這部分我們可以不計算在內(nèi)。
問：請問貴司每天的翻譯量是多少？
答：我們公司最高翻譯記錄為一天翻譯50萬字。原則上我們會在約定的時間內(nèi)完成，但是時間和質(zhì)量是成正比的，慢工才能出細(xì)活，我們建議在時間允許的情況下，盡量給譯員充足的翻譯時間，以便交付優(yōu)質(zhì)的譯文。
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