法律翻譯幾點(diǎn)主要環(huán)節(jié)
日期:2017-11-04 20:39:20 / 人氣: / 發(fā)布者:譯聲翻譯公司 / 來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)轉(zhuǎn)載侵權(quán)刪
一、拼寫或識(shí)詞錯(cuò)誤
1. defendant (被告)
2. respondent (答辯人,<上訴、離婚等案件的>被告)3. dependent (附屬的,受撫/贍養(yǎng)的;受撫/贍養(yǎng)人)
例句:對(duì)當(dāng)事人雙方的訴訟標(biāo)的,第三人認(rèn)為有獨(dú)立請(qǐng)求權(quán)的,有權(quán)提起訴訟。
譯文:A third party who deems himself entitled to an independent claim with regard to the subject matter of both parties has the right to initiate an action.
1. causal (原因的,有關(guān)因果的)
2. casual(偶然的,臨時(shí)的,隨便的)
例句:在被告過失與原告所受傷害之間,肯定有一個(gè)因果關(guān)系。
譯文:There must be a causal connection between the defendant’s negligence and the plaintiff’s injury.
• a casual meeting,巧遇;
• a casual visitor, 不速之客;
• casual expenses,臨時(shí)費(fèi)用;
• a casual remark,隨口的插話
1. council (n. 理事會(huì),聯(lián)席會(huì),商談會(huì))
2. counsel (n. 協(xié)商,忠告;法律顧問,律師v. 勸告,協(xié)商)
例句:被告人有權(quán)獲得律師幫助為其辯護(hù)。
譯文:The accused enjoys the right to the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
• the State Council (中國(guó)的)國(guó)務(wù)院
1. effect (vt. 實(shí)現(xiàn),使生效;招致)
2. affect (vt. 影響,感動(dòng),侵襲,假裝)
例句:履行地點(diǎn)不明確,給付貨幣的,在接受給付一方的所在地履行,其他標(biāo)的在履行義務(wù)一方的所在地履行。
譯文:If the place of performance is unclear, and the payment is money, the performance shall be effected at the place of residence of the party receiving the payment; if the payment is other than money, the performance shall be effected at the place of residence of the party fulfilling the obligation.
二、語法錯(cuò)誤
當(dāng)?shù)鼐阶C實(shí),2012年6月4日,涉嫌在加拿大蒙特利爾殺害并肢解一名中國(guó)留學(xué)生的一名29歲加拿大色情男演員在柏林被捕。
On June 4, 2012, a 29-year-old Canadian porn actor suspected with killing and dismembering (肢解) a Chinese student in Montreal, Canada, was arrested in Berlin, local police authorities confirmed.
修改要點(diǎn):with→of
suspect sb. of doing sth.懷疑某人做人事。
任何國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和個(gè)人不得強(qiáng)制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教,不得歧視信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。
No state organ, public organization and individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion.
修改要點(diǎn):
1. and→ or;
2. discriminate → discriminate against
• discriminate v. 區(qū)分;
• ~ between A and B, ~ from A and B 差別對(duì)待;
• ~ against 歧視;
• ~ in favor of 優(yōu)待
明知自己的行為會(huì)發(fā)生危害社會(huì)的結(jié)果,并且希望或者放任這種結(jié)果發(fā)生,因而構(gòu)成犯罪的,是故意犯罪。
An intentional crime refers to an act committed by a person who clearly knows that his act will cause social dangerous consequences but who hopes or allows such consequences to occur, thus constituting a crime.
修改要點(diǎn):
1. social→ socially;
2. hopes→ wishes
三、術(shù)語錯(cuò)誤
對(duì)當(dāng)事人雙方的訴訟標(biāo)的,第三人認(rèn)為有獨(dú)立請(qǐng)求權(quán)的,有權(quán)提起訴訟。
A third party who deems himself entitled to an independent request with regard to the subject matter of both parties has the right to bring a prosecution.
修改要點(diǎn):
1. request → claim;
2. bring a prosecution (刑事訴訟;控訴方,公訴方)→ initiate an action。
人民法院有權(quán)要求當(dāng)事人提供或補(bǔ)充證據(jù)。
The People’s Court shall have the right to request the parties to provide or supplement evidence.
修改要點(diǎn):
1. shall have→ has;
2. right→ authority (authority, 憑職位而享有的、可對(duì)他人行使的“權(quán)力”;right,個(gè)人的“權(quán)利”;power, 個(gè)人享有的、法律賦予的某種“權(quán)力”);
3. request →require。
四、理解錯(cuò)誤
In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality: … (e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him.
原譯文:在判定對(duì)他提出的任何刑事指控時(shí),人人完全平等地有資格享受以下的最低限度的保證:… (戊)訊問或業(yè)已訊問對(duì)他不利的證人,并使對(duì)他有利的證人在與對(duì)他不利的證人相同的條件下出庭和受訊問。
修改為:
• 判定對(duì)他→判定對(duì)任何人;
• (戊)訊問或業(yè)已訊問…受訊問→由本人或讓其他人詢問對(duì)其不利的證人,并使對(duì)其有利的證人與對(duì)其不利的證人在相同條件下出庭和接受詢問。
中華人民共和國(guó)的國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)行民主集中制的原則。…國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)都由人民代表大會(huì)產(chǎn)生,對(duì)它負(fù)責(zé),受它監(jiān)督。中央和地方的國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)職權(quán)的劃分,遵循在中央的統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,充分發(fā)揮地方的主動(dòng)性、積極性的原則。
原譯文:The state organs of the People’s Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism. All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate. The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full play to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.
修改提示:此處的“機(jī)構(gòu)”是個(gè)整體概念,而機(jī)關(guān)是它的具體組成部分,二者不能等同;division 可表示分配,分割、分裂,而distribution表示分配、配置,后者更準(zhǔn)確。
修改要點(diǎn):
• The state organs of the People’s Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism. →In the state machine of the People’s Republic of China, the principle of democratic centralism is applied.
• The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by→The distribution of functions and powers in the state machine between the central and local state organs is guided by
國(guó)務(wù)院設(shè)立審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān),對(duì)國(guó)務(wù)院各部門和地方各級(jí)政府的財(cái)政收支,對(duì)國(guó)家的財(cái)政金融機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)事業(yè)組織的財(cái)務(wù)收支,進(jìn)行審計(jì)監(jiān)督。
原譯文:The State Council establishes an auditing body to supervise through auditing the revenue and expenditure of all departments under the State Council and of the local governments at different levels, and those of the state financial and monetary organizations and of enterprises and undertakings.
修改提示:“審計(jì)監(jiān)督”應(yīng)當(dāng)理解為一個(gè)獨(dú)立概念,而非“通過審計(jì)這種途徑所進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督”。
修改要點(diǎn):to supervise through auditing→ to exercise auditorial control over …
說明: enterprises and undertakings (enterprise,事業(yè),企業(yè);進(jìn)取心 <a man of enterprise>;undertaking, 事業(yè),企業(yè);承擔(dān),許諾)→ non-profit and profit-seeking enterprises。
五、表述錯(cuò)誤 (語言不地道,用詞不當(dāng)?shù)?
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. (set forth, 闡明,提出)
原譯文:人人有權(quán)要求一種社會(huì)的和國(guó)際的秩序, 在這種秩序中, 本宣言所載的權(quán)利和自由能獲得充分實(shí)現(xiàn)。
修改為:人人有權(quán)要求一種能充分實(shí)現(xiàn)本宣言所載權(quán)利和自由的社會(huì)的國(guó)際秩序。
一審法院認(rèn)定2005年5月14日上訴人與被上訴人簽訂的房屋租賃合同為無效合同,于法無據(jù)。
原譯文:The first-instance court ascertained that the house lease contract signed by the Appellant and the Respondent on May 14, 2005 was invalid. This ruling is not law-based.
修改要點(diǎn):
• the house lease contract →the residential lease contract;
• signed by the Appellant and the Respondent →signed between the Appellant and the Respondent;
• This ruling is not law-based. →This ruling has no basis in law.
在此期間未能提出申請(qǐng)的,可以給予六個(gè)月的寬限期。
原譯文:Where no such application could be filed within that period, an extension period of six months may be granted.
修改提示:no … could意思是“(當(dāng)時(shí))沒有能夠”,并非“未能”。 extension period 用詞不當(dāng)。到期之后的寬限期(期滿后允許遲延履行的額外期間,無需履行遲延責(zé)任),英文表述為grace period (grace本意是“恩惠,優(yōu)惠”), 這與extension period (延長(zhǎng)的期限,未必排除延期責(zé)任) 并不等同。
修改為:→The registrant who fails to make such an application within that period may be granted a grace period of six months.
六、過于繁瑣( redundant)
人民依照法律規(guī)定,通過各種途徑和形式,管理國(guó)家事務(wù),管理經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè),管理社會(huì)事務(wù)。
原譯文:The people administer state affairs and manage economic, cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law.
修改提示:漢語擅用排比,英文無此習(xí)慣。此處可以將各種“事務(wù)”連起來,一氣呵成。
修改為:The people administer state, economic, cultural and social affairs through …
民事訴訟當(dāng)事人不服地方人民法院第一審判決的,有權(quán)在判決書送達(dá)之日起十五日內(nèi)向上一級(jí)人民法院提起上訴。
原譯文:If a litigant in civil proceedings disagrees to a judgment of first instance rendered by a local people’s court, he or she has the right to appeal to the people’s court at the next higher level within 15 days upon the service of the court verdict.
修改提示:可用后置定語,使行文簡(jiǎn)潔。
修改為:
• A litigant in civil proceedings dissatisfied with a judgment of first instance rendered by a local people’s court may appeal to … (render,作出;給予,提供);
• the court verdict (verdict指“陪審團(tuán)裁決”)→ the judgment。
合資企業(yè)應(yīng)向中國(guó)銀行或中國(guó)銀行批準(zhǔn)的銀行開立賬戶。
原譯文:A joint venture shall open an account with the Bank of China or a bank approved by the Bank of China.
修改提示:可用thereby使行文簡(jiǎn)潔。
修改為:A joint venture shall open an account with the Bank of China or a bank approved thereby.
七、濫用標(biāo)點(diǎn)
企業(yè)和政府有關(guān)部門的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部,因工作過失給企業(yè)和國(guó)家造成較大損失的,由政府主管部門或有關(guān)上級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)給予行政處分。
原譯文:Leading cadres of enterprises and governmental departments concerned, who have caused the enterprises and the state big losses due to work faults, shall be disciplined by the competent government agency or its superior agency.
修改提示:cause sb. sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)不當(dāng);定語從句的逗號(hào)使用不當(dāng)。
修改為:Leading cadres of enterprises and governmental departments concerned who have caused big losses to the profit-seeking enterprises and the state owing to their negligence in work shall be disciplined by the competent government agency or its superior agency.
修改說明:
(1) cause sb. sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)改為cause sth. to sb.結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) 去掉定語從句的逗號(hào),因?yàn)椋合拗菩远ㄕZ從句起明確的限定作用,在句中不可缺少,否則會(huì)影響句子的含義。非限制性定語從句通常起補(bǔ)充說明作用,刪除后一般也不影響句子的主要思想;有時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)分句;修飾具有唯一性的名詞時(shí),要用非限制性定語從句。
例如:
When he was 18, he went to a technical school in London, which was the largest city he had ever seen. (逗號(hào)不能刪除)
Then he met Mary, who (and she) invited him to a party. (逗號(hào)不能刪除)
法律翻譯相關(guān)閱讀Relate
翻譯領(lǐng)域相關(guān)問答
問:是否可以一邊編寫原稿,一邊翻譯?
答:請(qǐng)?jiān)诙ǜ逯笤俜g。您可能希望盡快啟動(dòng)翻譯項(xiàng)目,所以在起草過程中就讓譯者開始翻譯,但實(shí)際上這樣做往往比等原文定稿后再翻譯費(fèi)時(shí)更多,費(fèi)用也更高,而且很可能更麻煩。更糟糕的是:原稿修改的版次越多,則最終譯文出錯(cuò)的可能性就越大。
問:為什么以“字符數(shù)(不計(jì)空格)”為統(tǒng)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而不是“字?jǐn)?shù)”或者“中文字符和朝鮮語單詞”?
答:以“字符數(shù)(不計(jì)空格)”已經(jīng)普遍成為翻譯行業(yè)字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在進(jìn)行文章的字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)之前,我們建議客戶或者自動(dòng)刪去不必要進(jìn)入統(tǒng)計(jì)的英文字符。剩下的漢字部分,包括標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和上下標(biāo)都需要進(jìn)入字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)。因?yàn)槲覀兲幚淼奈恼伦鳛檎w,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是可以決定句子意思的元素,也就是說我們同樣將標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的意思考慮進(jìn)譯文中了?;瘜W(xué)式,數(shù)學(xué)公式上下標(biāo)細(xì)節(jié)我們也都會(huì)考慮,并負(fù)責(zé)耐心的在譯文中準(zhǔn)確的書寫,而處理這樣的符號(hào)絲毫不比翻譯更節(jié)省時(shí)間。我們建議作者將不需要翻譯的內(nèi)容包括符號(hào)盡可能刪去,這樣將使得字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)更加合理。
問:如果翻譯的稿件只有幾百字,如何收費(fèi)?
答:對(duì)于不足一千字的稿件,目前有兩種收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
1)不足一千字按一千字計(jì)算。
2)對(duì)于身份證、戶口本、駕駛證、營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照、公證材料等特殊稿件按頁計(jì)費(fèi)。
提供一個(gè)網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)址,能夠給出報(bào)價(jià)嗎?
對(duì)于網(wǎng)站翻譯,如果您能提供網(wǎng)站的FTP,或您從后臺(tái)將整個(gè)網(wǎng)站下載打包給我們,我們可在10分鐘內(nèi)給出精確報(bào)價(jià)。同時(shí),只要您提供原始網(wǎng)頁文件,我們會(huì)提供給您格式與原網(wǎng)頁完全一致的目標(biāo)語言版本,可以直接上線使用,省卻您的改版時(shí)間。
問:是否可以請(qǐng)高校教師、學(xué)者或?qū)W生翻譯?
答:絕對(duì)不能,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)自負(fù)。許多公司在尋找譯者時(shí),首先想到的是當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)?;虼髮W(xué)的外語院系。有時(shí),這種做法對(duì)于供內(nèi)部使用的翻譯可能有效,即,您只想了解文件大意,但對(duì)于正式的公司宣傳材料、手冊(cè)或者合同文檔而言,這樣做卻風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極大。外語教學(xué)需要有特殊的技能,但這些技能卻與翻譯一篇流利、優(yōu)美的文章所需的技能完全不同。讓學(xué)生來做翻譯看起來經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠,但風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,因?yàn)樗麄兒翢o實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),翻譯出來的文件基本無法使用。
問: 我必須將原件拿給你們看嗎?
答:不需要,只要提供清楚的文件掃描件或者照片我們就可以翻譯了。
問:怎么理性看待翻譯公司給出的報(bào)價(jià)?
答:我們可以用筆譯項(xiàng)目為例分析一下成本,生產(chǎn)直接成本:優(yōu)秀的譯員難得,現(xiàn)在滿世界都是自稱英語很好的人,包括很多專業(yè)八級(jí),但翻譯能做得好的人寥寥。物以稀為貴!項(xiàng)目管理和運(yùn)營(yíng)成本:好的項(xiàng)目管理和客服人員也是好的服務(wù)所必不可少的,他們能準(zhǔn)確把握客戶的需求,實(shí)施規(guī)范的項(xiàng)目流程,因此對(duì)他們的語言、溝通以及項(xiàng)目駕馭和軟件使用能力都有較高的要求。
生產(chǎn)流程的每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)要不折不扣地執(zhí)行都會(huì)發(fā)生相應(yīng)的成本,比如TEPQ(翻譯+校對(duì)+編輯+質(zhì)保),如果是通過翻譯公司偷工減料縮減流程而換來的低價(jià),最終損害的還是客戶自己的利益。
問:請(qǐng)問怎樣才能收到準(zhǔn)確的翻譯報(bào)價(jià)?
答:當(dāng)我們看到您的全部文件時(shí),我們會(huì)及時(shí)給您提供正式的報(bào)價(jià)單。我公司承諾我們的價(jià)格是行業(yè)內(nèi)最具性價(jià)比的。
問:翻譯公司做筆譯的準(zhǔn)確度能達(dá)多少?
答:首先翻譯都是人工操作的,只要是人工操作,準(zhǔn)確度就不可能控制在百分之百。請(qǐng)您一定要牢記著一點(diǎn),國(guó)外的很多翻譯公司都會(huì)在譯文最后注上一句:由于全部人工翻譯,對(duì)于產(chǎn)生的誤差不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
還有,翻譯的準(zhǔn)確度不能用百分之幾來考量的,如果翻譯有點(diǎn)小誤差了,但是事兒辦成了,就說明翻譯是成功的。但是翻譯的挺好,文辭考究,但是有個(gè)數(shù)字錯(cuò)了導(dǎo)致最后結(jié)果的失敗,這個(gè)翻譯的價(jià)值也會(huì)降低。
問:翻譯要花多少錢?
答:翻譯的價(jià)格高低差別很大。雖然高價(jià)格不一定意味著高質(zhì)量,我們的忠告是:如果價(jià)格低于一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),您得到的譯文將很難提升貴公司或產(chǎn)品的形象。如果譯者的報(bào)酬比鐘點(diǎn)工高不了多少,他們?cè)趺磿?huì)關(guān)注貴公司的市場(chǎng)并與您休戚與共呢?要實(shí)事求是。
問:你們譯員團(tuán)隊(duì)的資歷情況如何?
答:翻譯公司的核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力就是翻譯人才的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。公司所有譯員均為大學(xué)本科以上學(xué)歷,80%為碩士研究生或博士研究生,大部分譯員均具有全國(guó)翻譯專業(yè)資格(水平)考試二級(jí)以上證書,具備5年以上不同專業(yè)背景的翻譯工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),筆譯工作量超過500萬字以上,口譯工作量達(dá)每年50至100場(chǎng)大中型會(huì)議。翻譯審校團(tuán)隊(duì)由從業(yè)10年以上的資深譯員和外籍專家組成。
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