運輸翻譯-運輸翻譯公司
交通運輸專業(yè)英語翻譯 Traffic jam and the consequences such as noise, airpollution, violence and human stress are becoming the common scenario of large metropolitan areas everywhere.Roads are normally traffic saturated and new constructions suffer of long delays due to government budget restraints.Can modern technology be used to substantially improve the existing urban traffic capacity? The objective of this study is to bring up alternatives for urban transportation improvement based on recent available technologies. In particular the automation of highways, having automobiles and buses controlled by computers in platoon formation, is envisioned to improve highway jams. In USA, Japan and Europe, several studies and experiments have been done in this direction. The PATH program of the highway system of California, a cooperative program of universities, research institutes, government agencies and the private sector, involving multidisciplinary knowledge , has been an inspiration for this work [l]. The focus of this study is the large metropolitan of Great Si30 Paul0 in Brazil having more than 12 million people and growing traffic problems. 交通擁堵和其造成的結(jié)果,如:噪音、空氣污染、暴力和壓力等逐漸成為各大城市區(qū)域的普遍現(xiàn)象。道路標(biāo)準(zhǔn)交通量已經(jīng)飽和,而且政府的預(yù)算限制造成了道路新建長時間拖延。現(xiàn)代技術(shù)能否用于大大提高現(xiàn)有城市交通能力?本次研究的目的是在現(xiàn)有可用技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上為城市交通改進提供可選方案。特別是設(shè)想用高速公路自動化技術(shù)來改善高速公路的擁堵,高速公路自動化技術(shù)即在車隊形成中運用計算機控制汽車和公交車。在美國、日本和歐洲,在這個方向上已經(jīng)有了一些研究和實驗。加利福利亞的一項由大學(xué)、研究院、政府部門和私營部門合作并涵蓋各學(xué)科知識的項目——高速公路系統(tǒng)道路項目啟發(fā)了本次研究。本次研究的核心是有120000000人口和不斷增長的交通問題的大城市——圣保羅。 2 Current Transportation Systems. 2.現(xiàn)行的運輸系統(tǒng) The Great Si30 Paul0 has a large number of private automobiles, transit bus system and a network of urban train and modern subway for people transportation with a distribution shown on figs. 1 and 2 圣保羅有大量的私家車、公共交通系統(tǒng)和城市軌道交通和現(xiàn)代化地鐵網(wǎng)為人們提供運輸。各種運輸工具的分配見表1、表2. Automobile - This system alone represents the most important means of people transportation in Silo Paulo, roughly 45%. Although being the system with the smallest occupancy of road area per passenger, it is the main cause of the enormous traffic jams due to the large number on the streets on workdays , The over quantity of vehicles far exceed the street network capacity , further deteriorated by the growing number of automobiles poured into the area everyday. Obvioudy the automobile is very attractive , as far as comfort and destination flexibility are concerned. No other means has superior route flexibility for inner city usage, though at the expense of overall high operational cost. Various traffic control strategies have been adopted by authorities in many places to penalize automobile circulation during rush hours to temporarily mitigate the problem。 私家車:這一系統(tǒng)代表著圣保羅居民最主要的出行方式,大約占45%。雖然該系統(tǒng)的人均道路占有率最小,但是工作日街道上的大量私家車導(dǎo)致它成為巨大交通擁堵的主要原因。每天,數(shù)量不斷增長的私家車涌入該區(qū)域,使遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出路網(wǎng)能力的過量車輛劇增。顯然就舒適度和目的地靈活度而言私家車非常有吸引力。即使以高運營成本為代價也沒有任何一種城市內(nèi)運用的運輸工具具有更高的線路靈活性。官方在很多地方采用了各種各樣的交通控制策略來懲罰私家車高峰小時循環(huán)以減輕交通問題。 Bus System - It is the most comprehensive route network on the streets of metropolitan Silo Paulo and it accounts roughly for 75% of the demand for mass transportation . The transit bus system has low deployment costs, relatively low cost per passenger and reasonable route flexibility. The major drawback of regular transit bus in cities such as Silo Paulo is the excessively low mean speed, because they compete with private automobiles for the same space in the streets and face the same traffic jams having the disadvantage of being heavier, therefore slower vehicles. The consequence of
保價運輸是一種運輸制度,也是一種賠償方式。鐵路運輸行業(yè)運輸?shù)奈镔Y所收取的運費,它并不按照所運物資的價值多少來收取,而主要是 按照它的重量和運輸距離來收取的,如果在運輸途中發(fā)生損失,則不能按物資的價值來賠償,因此鐵路實行了限額賠償制度。 保價運輸安全可靠,貨主自愿,手續(xù)簡便。
保價運輸是一種負(fù)責(zé)運輸,凡保價物品每件千元以上的行李、包裹需施鉛封,一旦因鐵路責(zé)任發(fā)生丟失,短少、破損,先賠付后劃分鐵路內(nèi)部責(zé)任。 辦理保價運輸手續(xù)非常簡便,托運人托運貨物要求辦理保價運輸時,只要的托運單上托運人 記事欄內(nèi)注明“保價運輸” 什么叫零擔(dān)運輸? 零擔(dān)運輸 是指托運一批次貨物數(shù)量較少時,裝不足或者占用一節(jié)貨車車皮(或一輛運輸汽車)進行運輸在經(jīng)濟上不合算,而由運輸部門安排和其他托運貨物拼裝后進行運輸。運輸部門按托運貨物的噸公里數(shù)和運價率計費。 水路運輸概述 水路運輸是利用船舶、排筏和其它浮運工具,在江、河、湖泊、人工水道以及海洋上運送旅客和貨物的一種運輸方式。它是我國綜合運輸體系中的重要組成部分,并且正日益顯示出它的巨大作用。 水路運輸按其航行的區(qū)域,大體上可劃分為遠(yuǎn)洋運輸、沿海運輸和內(nèi)河運輸三種形式。 遠(yuǎn)洋運輸通常是指除沿海運輸以外所有的海上運輸。 沿海運輸是指利用船舶在我國沿海區(qū)域各地之間的運輸。 內(nèi)河運輸是指利用船舶、排筏和其它浮運工具,在江、河、湖泊、水庫及人工水道上從事的運輸。 水路運輸是利用船舶、排筏和其它浮運工具,在江、河、湖泊、人工水道以及海洋上運送旅客和貨物的一種運輸方式。水路運輸是我國綜合運輸體系中的重要組成部分,并且正日益顯示出它的巨大作用 水路運輸具有下列的特點,也是它的優(yōu)點: 1、水運主要利用江、河、湖泊和海洋的"天然航道"來進行。水上航道四通八達,通航能力幾乎不受限制,而且投資省。 2、水上運輸可以利用天然的有利條件,實現(xiàn)大噸位,長距離的運輸。因此,水運的主要特點是運量大,成本低,非常適合于大宗貨物的運輸。 3、是開展國際貿(mào)易的主要方式,是發(fā)展經(jīng)濟和友好往來的主要交通工具。 |