在英譯漢的過(guò)程中，有些句子可以逐詞對(duì)譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)式不同，就不能逐詞對(duì)譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中需要轉(zhuǎn)換詞類，才能使?jié)h語(yǔ)譯文通順自然。

一、名詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯

1.英語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞

由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，具有動(dòng)詞意思的名詞，以結(jié)尾表示身份或職業(yè)的名詞等，這些名詞都可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。

                 【例1】            The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.

×對(duì)于這些事情的回想將會(huì)增添他生活的樂(lè)趣。

               【譯文】          回想起這些事情，會(huì)給他的生活增添樂(lè)趣。

                 【例2】            He looked on the Convention as a fair and faithful representation of the people.

×他認(rèn)為這次大會(huì)是人民的公正忠實(shí)的代表。

               【譯文】          他認(rèn)為這次大會(huì)公正忠實(shí)地代表了人民。

                 【例3】            Other governmental activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and laws.

×其他政府活動(dòng)則是各個(gè)州的責(zé)任，各州都有自己的憲法和法律。

               【譯文】          其他政府職能則由各個(gè)州來(lái)承擔(dān)，各州都有自己的憲法和法律。

                 【例4】            The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

               【譯文】          看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽(tīng)到隆隆的機(jī)聲，我感到特別神往。

                 【例5】            To my knowledge, some computers have gone missing.

               【譯文】          據(jù)我所知，有幾臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)失蹤了。

                 【例6】            He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him.

×他是個(gè)好聽(tīng)眾，所以他們喜歡同他談話。

               【譯文】          他善于聽(tīng)取別人意見(jiàn)，所以他們喜歡同他談心。

1)由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞，在政論文體中出現(xiàn)比較多。

·The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.
政府號(hào)召建立更多的技術(shù)學(xué)校。

·Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations to curb the nuclear arms race had founded on one point: U.S. insistence on the right to make on-site inspections of the Soviet strategic arsenal and Russia’s refusal.
到一九七二年為止，美蘇之間關(guān)于限制核軍備競(jìng)賽的一切努力都在這一點(diǎn)上失敗了：美國(guó)堅(jiān)持有權(quán)視察蘇方戰(zhàn)略武器現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，而蘇聯(lián)則拒絕這樣做。

·Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已經(jīng)被用來(lái)探索宇宙。

2) 含有動(dòng)作意味的名詞(在記敘、描寫(xiě)文體中出現(xiàn)較多)往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。

·Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不斷消耗著美國(guó)的資源。

·A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀(jì)念碑和林肯紀(jì)念館的全景。

·Britain has no such natural protection from a flood of Hollywood.
英國(guó)沒(méi)有這種天然的保護(hù)物來(lái)阻擋好萊塢影片的長(zhǎng)驅(qū)直入。

3)英語(yǔ)中有些加后綴-er的名詞，如teacher教師，thinker思想家等等，有時(shí)在句中并不指其身份和職業(yè)，而是含有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意味。在漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有恰當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)應(yīng)名詞時(shí)，往往可以譯成動(dòng)詞。

·He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他吃得飽睡得香。

·I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher thanI.
我擔(dān)心自己不能教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。

·Some of my classmates are good singers.我同班同學(xué)中有些人歌唱得很好。

·Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doing.
在和兒子談話時(shí)，老人寬恕了年輕人過(guò)去所干的壞事。

4) 作為習(xí)語(yǔ)主體的名詞往往可以譯成動(dòng)詞。

·Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk.
每天早晨，她都要到湖區(qū)去散步。

·They took a final look at it, still intact in the darkness.
他們最后看了它一眼它依舊安然無(wú)恙地聳立在黑暗中。

·The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.
下一個(gè)新聞節(jié)目比通常短，沒(méi)有提到游行。

·A great cloud rose from the ground and followed the trail of the great sun. At first it was a giant column, which soon took the shape of a supramundane mushroom. For a feeling instant it took the form of the Statue of Liberty magnified many times.
一朵龐大的煙云隨著一輪巨日從地面升起。它起初是個(gè)巨大的圓柱，很快形成了凌云駕空的大蘑菇，一瞬間又變成了一座擴(kuò)大了許多倍的自由女神像。

課堂練習(xí)

1.  New York City was a bitter disillusionment to some immigrants.

紐約使一些移民的幻想痛苦地破滅。

2.  The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.

財(cái)富逐漸集中在少數(shù)人手中，引發(fā)了許多社會(huì)問(wèn)題和政治問(wèn)題。

3.  The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.

過(guò)去的二十年中，美國(guó)的航空工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展。

4.  I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.

我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。

N-V

He is a good singer.他唱歌唱得好。

In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.在中國(guó)，人們非常注重講禮貌。

A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.

仔細(xì)研究原文，你會(huì)翻譯得更好。

I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.

你決定戰(zhàn)勝?gòu)?fù)習(xí)考試中的困難，這一點(diǎn)我很羨慕。

Exercise

我們特別強(qiáng)調(diào)搞好售后服務(wù)(n)。

We lay special stress on the importance of offering good follow-up service.

真題

In terms of nations, it will be a world of much greater economic equality.（2001.9）

就（每個(gè)）國(guó)家而言，世界各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)將越發(fā)不相上下。

If the learning of a new language begins before lower adolescence, one is likely to be able to speak such a language with complete naturalness, but if learned after upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue feature is very likely to persist.（2000.9）

如果一個(gè)人在少年時(shí)期就學(xué)一門新的語(yǔ)言，那么（將來(lái)）很可能說(shuō)得很流利。但如果成年還沒(méi)有學(xué)語(yǔ)言，母語(yǔ)的一些習(xí)慣特征就會(huì)根深蒂固。

2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞

由形容詞派生的名詞，以及有些加不定冠詞時(shí)，譯成形容詞。

·Given that they’re inexperienced, they’ve done a good job.
鑒于他們沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，干成這樣真不錯(cuò)。

·This experiment was a success. 這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)很成功。

                 【例7】            Diligence and intelligence are of considerable importance to your success.

               【譯文】          勤奮和才智對(duì)于獲得成功是頗為重要的。

                 【例8】            I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question.

               【譯文】          我有很多工作要做，今年休假是不可能的了。

                 【例9】            It's such a nuisance that I've got to work on Saturday.

               【譯文】          我星期六還得上班，真討厭。

               【例10】          As he was a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.

               【譯文】          他對(duì)這座城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。

               【例11】          There's no point arguing about it -- just do as you're told.

               【譯文】          爭(zhēng)論是沒(méi)有意義的，叫你怎么做你就怎么做。

3.名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞

·I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.

我榮幸地通知您，您的請(qǐng)求已得到批準(zhǔn)。

二、動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯

1.英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞

英語(yǔ)中有很多由名詞派生的動(dòng)詞，以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)換的動(dòng)詞，在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，往往不易找到對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)候可以將其轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞。

·Formality has always characterized their relationship.
他們之間的關(guān)系，有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，就是以禮相待。

·To them, he personified the absolute power.
在他們看來(lái)，他就是絕對(duì)權(quán)威的化身。

名詞派生的動(dòng)詞

               【例12】          In Greek mythology, love is personified by the goddess Aphrodite.

               【譯文】          在希臘神話中，阿佛洛狄特女神是愛(ài)的化身。

               【例13】          Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings.

               【譯文】          他早期繪畫(huà)的特點(diǎn)是色彩鮮明，筆法粗獷。

               【例14】          They are already planning to staff the management in the event the joint venture is formed.

他們已經(jīng)在打算合資企業(yè)一旦建成后經(jīng)理部門的人事安排。

2.英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞

·He said, if this was the case, he would be tempted to try.
他說(shuō)，如果情況是這樣，他頗有躍躍欲試之意。

課堂練習(xí)

1.   Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.  這些材料的特點(diǎn)是：絕緣性好，耐磨性強(qiáng)。

2.   The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.設(shè)計(jì)的目的在于自動(dòng)操作，調(diào)節(jié)方便，維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)易，生產(chǎn)率高。

3.   The world will be a dull place indeed when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike.如果不同國(guó)家的人們行為舉止完全一樣，那么世界將成為一個(gè)實(shí)在無(wú)趣的地方。

4.   Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.人口的增長(zhǎng)是自然增長(zhǎng)和不斷移民的結(jié)果。

5.   The American economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的組織方式是個(gè)人所有制，合伙制，和公司制。

三、形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯

1.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞

英語(yǔ)形容詞不少可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。這種形容詞大體包括兩類：一類主要是由動(dòng)詞派生或轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)，大多能引申出動(dòng)詞意義；另一類多用于表示各種心理狀態(tài)，而這些心理狀態(tài)在漢語(yǔ)中一般用動(dòng)詞表達(dá)。

Shortly after Jimmy Carter’s election as President, his advisers were reported as recommending lower taxes and higher government spending.
據(jù)說(shuō)在吉米·卡特當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)后不久，他的顧問(wèn)們就建議應(yīng)當(dāng)降低稅收，擴(kuò)大政府開(kāi)支。

·It was a very informative meeting.會(huì)上透露了許多信息。

               【例15】          He must have been aware that his parents' marriage was breaking up.

               【譯文】          他一定已經(jīng)知道父母的婚姻關(guān)系正在破裂。

               【例16】          Our computerized stock control system is now operative.

               【譯文】          本公司的庫(kù)存管理計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)已運(yùn)行。

               【例17】          His indulgent mother was willing to let him do anything he wanted.

               【譯文】          他母親很寵他，他不管想干什么她都愿意讓他干。

2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞

英語(yǔ)中一些名詞化的形容詞與冠詞連用，表示一類人或事物，這類形容詞翻譯時(shí)往往轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)名詞；另外還有一些由名詞派生、與名詞同根或可以引申出名詞意義的形容詞，英譯漢時(shí)都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞。

The new treaty would be good for ten years.新條約的有效期為10年。

Official Moscow is going to object the proposal.莫斯科官方準(zhǔn)備反對(duì)此項(xiàng)建議。

3.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞

At that time Copernicus was in the clear minority.那時(shí)，哥白尼顯然屬于少數(shù)派。

               【例18】          He felt responsible for her death. 他覺(jué)得她的死他有責(zé)任。

               【例19】          Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship.

               【譯文】          缺乏信任對(duì)人際關(guān)系的危害很大。

四 其它詞類的轉(zhuǎn)譯

1 介詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞：

               【例20】          With a rifle across his shoulder the boy was playing the soldier.

               【譯文】          那男孩肩上扛著槍在裝士兵。

               【例21】          They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.

               【譯文】          他們吃的是簡(jiǎn)陋的飯菜，住的是寒冷的窯洞，在昏暗的燈光下長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地工作。

               【例22】          The street runs westward, across a great bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.

               【譯文】          這條大街向西而去，跨過(guò)一座大橋，延伸下坡后又上坡，經(jīng)過(guò)了幾家店鋪和肉市，又越過(guò)了幾幢平房，最后在一片開(kāi)闊的綠草坪前突然到了盡頭。

Training as a salesperson would guarantee her some employment once her schooling was through.。參加推銷員培訓(xùn)就會(huì)確保他在學(xué)業(yè)完成以后能找到工作做。

TRANSLATION APPRECIATION

1. Respect a man, he will do the more.敬人者，人恒敬之。

2. Set one’s nerves on edge.心煩意亂。

3. Bad workmen often blame their tools.拙匠常怪工具差。

4. Show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.班門弄斧。

5. Small gains bring great wealth.積小利，成巨富。

6. Many men, many minds.十個(gè)人，十條心。

7. Sow virtue, and the harvest will be virtue; sow vice, and the harvest will be vice.
善有善報(bào)，惡有惡報(bào)。

8. Speech is silver, silence is gold.能言是銀，沉默是金。      

9. Step by step the ladder is ascended.登梯需要逐級(jí)登。

10. Stuff oneself with food the whole day, without applying one’s mind to anything good.
飽食終日，無(wú)所用心。

11. Success belongs to the persevering.勝利屬于堅(jiān)韌不拔的人。

12. Take French leave.不辭而別。

13. The die is cast.骰子出手大局已定。/ 木已成舟。

14. The dog that fetches will carry.對(duì)你說(shuō)別人壞話的人也會(huì)對(duì)別人說(shuō)你的壞話。

15. The dogs bark, but the caravan goes on.說(shuō)者自說(shuō)，做者自做；我行我素，人言何干？

Exercises:

l. With the passage of time, my admiration for him grew more and more.

2. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.

3. I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child.

4. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.

5. The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men.

1．隨著時(shí)間的流失，我對(duì)他越來(lái)越敬慕。

2．目前我國(guó)各地對(duì)各種消費(fèi)品的需要量已大大增加。

3．我非常難過(guò)，一頭扎進(jìn)被單和毯子里，像孩子一樣哭了起來(lái)。

4．小偷顫抖著交代了自己干的壞事。

5．水手們興高采烈，蜂擁而至，把這兩個(gè)人圍了起米。

adj/adv/pre-V

I am anxious about his health. 我擔(dān)心他的身體健康。

After careful investigation they found the design behind. 經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)研究之后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)落后了。

他到商店去買醬油。He went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.

I’m all for your opinion.我完全贊成你的意見(jiàn)。

真題

When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. （2000.3）如果領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層讓員工信息閉塞（蒙在鼓里），員工就會(huì)對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不信任。

In this way, they may devote their time to the study of policy alternatives free from the teaching and departmental duties (that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community).2002.3

正因?yàn)槿绱?/span> / 通過(guò)這種方式，這些專家就可以從大多數(shù)學(xué)術(shù)人士習(xí)以為常的日常教學(xué)和科系公務(wù)中脫離出來(lái)，全身心地投入到政策的研究中去。

We must avoid these stupid, short-sighted traps and constantly strive for an open communications system with objective information. （2000，3）

我們必須告別這些愚蠢、缺乏遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的做法，并致力于建立一個(gè)公開(kāi)的溝通系統(tǒng)，確保信息客觀公正。

adv-n：It is officially announced thatChinahas successfully launched her fist manned spaceship.

官方宣布，中國(guó)已經(jīng)成功的發(fā)射了載人宇宙飛船。

He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身體雖弱，但思想健康。

真題：中國(guó)人民始終希望天下太平，希望各國(guó)人民友好相處。

The Chinese people are always looking forward to the global peace and friendship among all nations.

We already routinely screen people.  (2002,9)對(duì)人們進(jìn)行檢查，在我們這里早就是家常便飯。

adv/n-adj：Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.

他們之間一直有著傳統(tǒng)的友好關(guān)系。

他的畫(huà)的特點(diǎn)是筆力沉著，顏色鮮明(adj)。

His paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colors.

Her beauty is beyond description.她漂亮得無(wú)法形容。

Collectively, the Asian Countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put together.  （2000，9）亞洲國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)總量，將超過(guò)其他國(guó)家地區(qū)（經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模）的總和。

 Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity, but with a large minority in serious poverty, and a small number who are very rich. （2001，9）這些國(guó)家雖然呈現(xiàn)出欣欣向榮的態(tài)勢(shì)，但是其中還有許多極端貧窮的弱勢(shì)人群，還有少量富有人群。

詞性轉(zhuǎn)換( pro-v) ：I flew straight ahead, across the harbor and over the sea.

我筆直地向前告訴飛行，越過(guò)港口，飛臨海面。

For many years, stainless steel had been used for small things only.

多年來(lái)，不銹鋼僅僅被用來(lái)制造小物件。

轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞：

For Westerners inChina, the establishment of an effective team of managers means attracting -- and retaining both expatriate and local management talent. 對(duì)于在中國(guó)的西方人來(lái)說(shuō)，建立一支有效的管理人員隊(duì)伍意味著要同時(shí)吸引并留住來(lái)自海外的管理人才和本地的管理人才。

（四）其它詞性轉(zhuǎn)譯：The dominant factor in the growth of the company in question throughout the years has been its success in maintaining technical superiority in product design and manufacturing techniques. 該公司多年來(lái)發(fā)展壯大的主要因素是一貫成功地保持了產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和制造工藝上的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。

This time-lag is difficult to explain, but there are three possible reasons.

這種時(shí)滯現(xiàn)象很難解釋，但可能有三個(gè)原因。

People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle.

無(wú)污染車輛會(huì)給人們帶來(lái)很大的好處。