合同翻譯用詞用語的特征
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTRACT TERMS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
一、多用正式或法律上的用詞
二、多用主動語態(tài),少用被動語態(tài)
三、多用現(xiàn)在時,少用將來時
四、直接表達(dá)方式用得多,間接表達(dá)方式用的較少:
五、盡量使用一個動詞,避免使用動詞+名詞+介詞的同意短語:
六、特殊用語使用頻繁
七、常使用古體詞語
八、行文中較多使用專用詞匯和法律術(shù)語
九、合同英語的句子特征
十、 多使用定語從句
十一、合同英語的翻譯技巧
二、多用正式或法律上的用詞
比如:
At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.
應(yīng)乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技術(shù)人員幫助乙方安裝設(shè)備。 assist 較 help 正式;
The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.
所有人員不得參加伊拉克國內(nèi)的任何政治活動。partake in 較 take part in 正式;
The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.
雇主應(yīng)該對有關(guān)人員給予正確技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。 render 較 give 正式;
Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.
甲方應(yīng)將病人遣返中國并負(fù)責(zé)其返回廣州的旅費。 repatriate 較 send back 正式;
This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.
本合同受中國法律管轄,并按中國法律解釋。construe 較 explain, interpret 正式;
The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.
雇主認(rèn)為承包人委派的授權(quán)代表不合格時,可以反對并要求立即撤換。require較ask正式;公文體forthwith 較 at once 正式;
The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.
董事長可以根據(jù)董事會過1/3董事的提議而召集臨時董事會議。convene, interim 都是正式用詞。
In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right.
如一方想出售或轉(zhuǎn)讓其投資之全部或部分,另一方有優(yōu)先購買權(quán)。法律用詞assign 較 transfer 正式.
In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.
加工貿(mào)易中,廠方無論是對原料還是成品都無所有權(quán)。 法律用詞title 較 ownership 正式.
The term "Effective date" means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.
生效期指雙方合同簽字的日子。 法律用詞execute 較 sign 正式.
與口頭表述不同,合同是法律性的正式書面文件,使用正式的、法律的用詞是必要的。合同起草者應(yīng)多加強這方面的學(xué)習(xí)。
用詞方面(2)
二、多使用"here","there","where"等前綴:
三、多用"shall"代替"will"或"should"加強語氣和強制力。
This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.
本合同簽字生效。
This Contract shall be written in English in four copies. Each party shall keep two copies.
本合同應(yīng)以英文寫成,一式四份,雙方各持兩份。
合同中,shall并非單純表示將來時,而常用來表示法律上可強制執(zhí)行的義務(wù),具有約束力,宜譯為應(yīng)、應(yīng)該、必須; will無論語氣還是強制力要比shall弱,宜譯為將、原、要;should通常只用來表示語氣較強的假設(shè)、比如萬一。
用語方面(1)
一、力求嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),明白無誤:
The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this Contract.
下列文件應(yīng)被認(rèn)為、讀作、解釋為本合同的組成部分;
This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.
本合同只能按照雙方授權(quán)代表簽名蓋章的文件進(jìn)行修改或增補;
All activities of ABC Co. shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of China.
ABC公司的一切活動必須受中國的法律、法令和有關(guān)規(guī)章條例的管轄。
二、多用主動語態(tài),少用被動語態(tài):
Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (不宜)
乙方被甲方委托為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商;
Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (適宜)
甲方委托乙方為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商;
三、多用現(xiàn)在時,少用將來時
Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events:
當(dāng)有下列事件之一發(fā)生,被許可人提前90天向許可人發(fā)送書面通知后,可以終止合同:
Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is appointed;
許可人無力償付債務(wù)或其破產(chǎn)清算人以被指定;
The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract; and
第二條規(guī)定的專利未在簽約后30天之內(nèi)發(fā)布;
Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.
許可人未能履行其合同義務(wù)。
四、直接表達(dá)方式用得多,間接表達(dá)方式用的較少:
This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full. (用得少)
本條款不適用于尚未全部償付的債券持有者。
This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full. (用得多)
本條款只適用于已全部償付的債券持有者。
五、盡量使用一個動詞,避免使用動詞+名詞+介詞的同意短語:
Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.
甲方應(yīng)于簽約后30天內(nèi)指派其授權(quán)代表。宜用appoint代替 make an appointment of.
Party A will give consideration to Party B's proposal of exclusive agency.
甲方愿意考慮乙方獨家代理的建議。宜用consider代替give consideration to.
六、特殊用語使用頻繁
WHEREAS 鑒于
正式而重要的合同,尤其是英美法系的合同,多用它在前文中引出簽約背景和目的,起連詞作用:
WHEREAS the Employer is desirous that manpower can be rendered available for the construction of High-Rise Residential Complex in Baghdad, Iraq;
鑒于雇主欲請勞動力建造伊拉克巴格達(dá)的高層住宅綜合大樓;
WHEREAS the Contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the Works;
鑒于承包人想為此工程提供勞動力;
WITNESS 證明
在合同前文中常用作首句的謂語動詞:
This Agreement, made by ...
WITNESSES
WHEREAS..., it is agreed as follows:
本協(xié)議由簽訂證明:鑒于特此達(dá)成協(xié)議如下:
IN WITNESS WHEREOF 作為所協(xié)議事項的證據(jù):
該短語常用于合同的結(jié)尾條款:
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.
作為所協(xié)議事項的證據(jù),雙方授權(quán)代表于上面首次寫明的日期正式簽訂本協(xié)議一式兩份。
IN CONSIDERATION OF 以為約因/報酬
約因是英美法系的合同有效成立要件之一,沒有則合同不能依法強制履行。但是,大陸法系的合同則無此規(guī)定。
Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the covenants herein, contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:
茲以上述各點和契約所載條款為約因,訂約雙方協(xié)議如下:
In consideration of the payment to be made by Party A to Party B, Party B hereby covenants with Party A to complete the building in conformity with the provisions of the Contract.
乙方特此立約向甲方保證按合同規(guī)定完成工程建設(shè),以取得甲方所付的報酬。
NOW, THEREFORE 茲特
此短語用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協(xié)議事項的常用開頭語,并與其后hereby的結(jié)合。如果無HEREAS條款,則本短語可省略:
NOW, THEREFORE, it's hereby agreed and understood as follows;
茲特協(xié)議和諒解如下:
NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS 茲特立約為據(jù)
本句話也是用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協(xié)議事項。
PRESENTS = the present writings 是主語,WITNESS是謂語:
NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 茲特立約為據(jù),并由訂約雙方協(xié)議如下:
IN THE PRESENCE OF 見證人
本短語只在有見證人時使用在訂約雙方當(dāng)事人簽名的下方由見證人簽名作證,一般是相關(guān)的律師(Attorney)或公證處(Notary Public):
IN THE PRESENCE OF the parties hereto have hereunder set their respective hands and seals:
作為協(xié)議事項的證據(jù),訂約雙方各自簽名蓋章如下:
For and on behalf the first Party(甲方代表):
The EMPLOYER (雇主)
Capacity (職位)
In the Presence of (見證人)
Capacity (職位)
Address (地址)
For and on behalf of the Second party(乙方代表):
The CONTRACTOR (承包人)
Capacity (職位)
In the Presence of (見證人)
Capacity (職位)
Address (地址).
七、常使用古體詞語
經(jīng)貿(mào)合同經(jīng)常使用古體詞語。古體詞主要有here, there和where后面加in ,with ,by ,after ,under ,to, on等詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞。這些詞語語氣莊重,具有法律問題風(fēng)格,在經(jīng)貿(mào)合同英語中經(jīng)常被使用。
Hereafter = after this time ; in the future 今后;此后
herein = in this document 此中,于此,在此文件中
hereinafter = later in this contract 在下文;
hereto = to this 對此/至此;
hereof = of this 于此;
thereto = to that 到那里
whereby = by what ; by which 由是,按,靠那個
whereon = on what; on which 在那上面
whereas = considering that 鑒于
wherein = in what /in which 在那方面
whereof = of what /of which 關(guān)于那事
這些古體詞語的運用使合同更加正式,并且避免了不必要的重復(fù),使意義更清楚,簡明。同時古體詞還體現(xiàn)其嚴(yán)肅性及法律公文的結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)邏輯嚴(yán)密,言簡意賅等特征。如:
This contract is made on 28th of May ,2008 by ABC Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Sellers) who agrees to sell and CBD Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Buyers), who agrees to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions stated as below.
本合同由ABC公司(以下簡稱賣方)與BCD公司(以下簡稱買方)于2008年5月28日訂立,雙方同意按下述條件買賣下列貨物。
此句中使用了hereinafter 一詞,使得文體顯得正式。同時用hereinafter 表明 afterwards listed in this contract , 避免了重復(fù)contract 一詞,顯得簡潔明了。
(二)shall 一詞出現(xiàn)頻率較高以加強語氣
1. Shall是一個在英語合同中頻繁出現(xiàn)的詞。其主語為第三人稱,做情態(tài)動詞用,不表示將要。而在經(jīng)貿(mào)合同中,shall 主要是用來表現(xiàn)法律的約束力,強調(diào)某種義務(wù)和責(zé)任,含有必須的強制意義。如:
This contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is sighted.
本合同應(yīng)于簽字之日開始生效。
Agent shall exercise all reasonable care and kill in the performance of his duties and shall act faithfully on behalf of Principle.
代理人在履行其責(zé)任時須運用所有合理的心思和技能,并須忠實地代表委托人行事。
2.用shall代替willorshould以加強語氣和強制力。如:
(1)The persons employed by party A shall be responsible to the Manager of party B.
(2)This Contract shall be written in English in four copies. Each party shall keep two copies.
(3)Agent shall exercise all reasonable care and skill in the performance of his duties and shall act faithfully on behalf of Principle.
在合同中 ,shall并非單純的將來時 , 而是常用來表示法律上可以強制執(zhí)行的義務(wù) , 中文應(yīng)譯成應(yīng)、應(yīng)該、必須以表示其具有的約束力。will在合同中雖也用作表示承擔(dān)義務(wù)的聲明 , 但語氣比shall弱 ,強制力也比shall差; 中文應(yīng)譯成將、需、要。should在合同中通常只用來表示語氣較強的假設(shè)萬一, 極少用來表示應(yīng)該; 表示應(yīng)該則多用shall, 這是經(jīng)貿(mào)合同用詞與基礎(chǔ)英語用詞的不同之處。
(三)使用較多的同義詞及并列的相關(guān)詞語
合同中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)成對的同義詞或并列相關(guān)的詞語,看似重復(fù)卻可以使意思更加精確,成對用詞還可以避免訴訟時雙方律師鉆詞義間的細(xì)微差別大做文章。如:
able and willing to 能夠并愿意
complaints and claims 索賠
free and clear 無
furnish and provide 供應(yīng)
in full force and effect 完全有效的
made and signed 由.簽定
null and void 失效
purchase and sell 購買和銷售
terms and conditions 條款
transferable or assignable 可轉(zhuǎn)讓的
stipulations and provisions 規(guī)定/條款
這些雙聯(lián)詞和三聯(lián)詞組達(dá)到了加強語氣,表意精確,增添正式文體色彩的目的。如:All documents, letters, telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the Contract comes into force。
雙方在簽約前交換的所有文件、書信、電報和電傳 ,應(yīng)從本合同生效之日起自動失效。
八、行文中較多使用專用詞匯和法律術(shù)語
由于經(jīng)貿(mào)合同文件是法律性的正式書面文件,為了維護(hù)法律文件的權(quán)威性,使用那些平時我們不常用的、法律的、正式的用詞是必要的。
1. 經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易類術(shù)語:equity joint venture (合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)),articles of association (公司章程),letter of intent (意向書),licensee (被許可人),sublicense (分許可證),exclusive (獨占性的),royalty (提成費),liquidated damages(違約金),letter of credit(信用證)。又如,collection, confirm, accept, tolerance ,more or less這些詞在日常英語中通常分別理解為收集、確認(rèn)、接受、承受、大約,但在合同英語中這
些詞語則是國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語,可分別譯為托收、保兌(如confirmed L/C),承兌(如documents against acceptance)、公差及溢短裝。
2. 法律術(shù)語:know-how (專有技術(shù)),without prejudice to (不損害,以不損害為前提),claim(索賠),arbitration award (仲裁裁決),substantive law (實體法),termination(終止),infringement(侵權(quán)),等等。In consideration of (考慮到,以為約因,鑒于),whereas(鑒于),in the presence of (見證人),now therefore(特此,茲特),now these presents witness(茲特立約為據(jù)),這些詞匯在具體的合同中經(jīng)常使用大寫形式。如:
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the Parties hereto have executed this Contract by their authorized representatives as of the first above written.
茲特由雙方授權(quán)的代表 ,于上述首開日期和簽署本合同為據(jù)。
WHEREAS the Employer is desirous to obtain manpower for building the Friendship Hotel, in Baghdad,Iraq . WHEREASDBC is desirous to provide manpower for the works. NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:
鑒于雇主想要勞動力修建伊拉克巴格達(dá)的友誼大酒店。鑒于BBB想要為本工程提供勞動力 ,茲特立此約為據(jù) ,雙方達(dá)成的條款如下。
從以上例子可以看出,在合同英語中有時連用幾個WHEREAS表示簽約的背景和目的。
九、合同英語的句子特征
經(jīng)貿(mào)合同及其他的法律文件都是規(guī)定合同雙方應(yīng)該做什么,而非提出問題或進(jìn)行商討,所以合同中都用陳述句,沒有疑問句。為了使合同或協(xié)議明確而不被曲解,合同都是使用完整句,少簡單句,不用省略句。同時還必須做到準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密、清楚、易解、要避免模棱兩可,似是而非,含糊不清。既要防止遺漏,又要杜絕隨意增添的可能性,這樣才能避免雙方在合作中產(chǎn)生爭議。以下是經(jīng)貿(mào)合同經(jīng)常使用的典型句型結(jié)構(gòu):
(一)常使用條件狀語從句和條件狀語
經(jīng)貿(mào)合同要求準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)密的規(guī)約當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利、義務(wù)和責(zé)任,因而合同英語思維縝密,邏輯性強,既要考慮到各種不同情況,又要排除各種例外情形。合同條文規(guī)定雙方應(yīng)該履行的義務(wù)外,還要考慮各種可能發(fā)生的情況和應(yīng)急辦法,所以合同條款中有較多的條件句, 尤其是在有關(guān)付款、違約責(zé)任、不可抗力、財產(chǎn)處理和仲裁等中更是屢見不鮮。英文中最常見的是用if, should, unless, provided that, in the event of/that, in case of/that等表示。
1. If引導(dǎo)的句式
英文合同在表達(dá)如果、在做什么事,用If引導(dǎo)的從句或短語居多。如:
If the implementation of the Contract is influenced by typhoons, earthquake or other events considered by both Sides as FORCE MAJEURE, the postponement of implementation should be equal to the effective period of the said causes.
簽字雙方的任何一方由于臺風(fēng)、地震和雙方同意的不可抗力事故而影響合同執(zhí)行時,則延遲履行合同的期限應(yīng)相當(dāng)于出事故所影響的時間。
2. Should引導(dǎo)的句式
只有假設(shè)的是違背當(dāng)事人意志的不利情況時才用到,而且一般將should從句置于句首。例如:
Should no settlement be reached through negotiation, the case shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (Beijing) and the rules of this Commission shall be applied.
如協(xié)商不能解決爭議,則應(yīng)將爭議提交中國國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(北京),依據(jù)其仲裁規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁。
3. unless引導(dǎo)的句式
unless譯為除非,和otherwise連用,且后面接過去分詞。一般有unless otherwise stipulated和except as otherwise provided兩種基本句型。otherwise后面的動詞除上述stipulate和provide外,還可用require和state等。如:
Except as otherwise required by law or this Agreement, the Ventures shall not be required to make any further capital contributions to the Venture.
除非法律或本協(xié)議另有規(guī)定,不得要求合資方向企業(yè)另行交納出資。
十、 多使用定語從句
經(jīng)貿(mào)合同中的句子與普通英語相比,句子結(jié)構(gòu)、長度和使用從句的連貫性要復(fù)雜得多。合同文體中,完整長句的使用可以準(zhǔn)確界定為合同當(dāng)事人的有關(guān)權(quán)利和義務(wù),排除被曲解、誤解、產(chǎn)生歧義的可能性。句子的狀語和定語從句等附加成分非常多,而且常常位于明顯的位置,對主句意義進(jìn)行解釋、限定或修飾。如:
The Seller must deliver goods which are free from any right of claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property.
賣方所交之物必須是任何第三方均不能根據(jù)工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)或其他知識產(chǎn)權(quán)享有任何權(quán)利或提出任何要求的貨物。
由It 作形式主語的主語從句
經(jīng)貿(mào)合同英語中常使用名詞代替動詞、形容詞和長句,這就是名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)主要指表示動作或狀態(tài)的抽象名詞或是起名詞作用的非謂語動詞,在合同英語中經(jīng)常有It is agreed that , It is understood that ,It is agreed and understood that 等,如:It is agreed that a margin of 5 per cent shall be allowed for over or short count.
雙方同意,允許的數(shù)量誤差為正負(fù)5%.
十一、合同英語的翻譯技巧
翻譯經(jīng)貿(mào)合同應(yīng)遵循準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、規(guī)范通順的翻譯原則。因為合同的嚴(yán)肅性、規(guī)定性及語言的精確性,在翻譯經(jīng)貿(mào)合同時應(yīng)盡量做到語義、風(fēng)格與原文保持一致。除了英語和漢語功底和一定的翻譯能力外,還需要了解有關(guān)合同本身的專業(yè)知識和原文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu),正確理解原文在法律背景下的意思,然后應(yīng)用翻譯技巧轉(zhuǎn)換法對句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)形式作些調(diào)整,使合同的譯文更規(guī)范、通順的表達(dá)出來。
(一)利用轉(zhuǎn)換法靈活翻譯,使語言更具邏輯性
轉(zhuǎn)譯法是翻譯常見的技巧之一, 它是指一個詞在源語中的詞性與目的語中未必就是同一個詞性。使用轉(zhuǎn)換法翻譯經(jīng)貿(mào)合同就是把英語合同中的某一成分轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語合同的另一成分或?qū)h語的某一成分轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的另一成分。 如:
In case no amicable settlement can be reached between the two parties, the case in dispute shall be submitted to arbitration which shall be held in the county where the defendant resides.
如雙方達(dá)不成友好協(xié)議,爭議可提交仲裁。仲裁在被訴方所在國進(jìn)行。
此句中which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句實際上起了補充說明的作用,而不是對中心詞加以限制,可譯成漢語中的并列句。
(二)根據(jù)英語意義緊密度的關(guān)系對術(shù)語進(jìn)行分割,再根據(jù)漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣對全文進(jìn)行整合。
英漢兩種語言的術(shù)語詞序既有完全相同的情況,也有不同的情況,前者的數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于后者,而翻譯的難點則在于英漢兩種語言的詞序有時恰好相反,或部分相反,這實際上是表達(dá)習(xí)慣的差異。例如: turnover net worth凈值周轉(zhuǎn)率 ,accounts receivable assigned 已轉(zhuǎn)讓應(yīng)收帳款 ,value added tax 增值稅 。這幾個術(shù)語在英語中的語義緊密度是: turnover + net worth, accounts receivable +assigned, value added + tax。這無疑表明一些術(shù)語是由兩個或更多的術(shù)語包括詞語組成的,翻譯時必須把不同含義的英語術(shù)語揉合轉(zhuǎn)換成一個符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣的術(shù)語,這就要求我們嚴(yán)格注意詞序。
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