Types of Construction Contracts and Bonds

　　建筑合同和擔(dān)保的類型

　　? 1 Types of construction Contracts建筑合同的類型

　　There are many types of construction contracts and the owner generally makes the selection of contract type. The type of contract selected depends on the kind of work being performed and the conditions under which it is being performed.

　　建筑合同有許多類型，通常由業(yè)主來(lái)選擇合同的類型。合同類型的選擇取決于所執(zhí)行胡工作的種類以及它是在什么樣的條件下執(zhí)行的。

　　? 1.1 Lump Sum Contract總價(jià)合同

　　Lump sum contract are typically used for buildings. The quantities of the materials required can be calculated with sufficient accuracy during the bidding process to allow contractor to submit a single lump sum price for the work .The quantity of items such as drywall, door frames, bathroom sinks, electrical conduit and wiring, and roof tiles can be calculated accurately from the plans.

　　總價(jià)合同通常使用在建筑領(lǐng)域。在招標(biāo)過(guò)程中要對(duì)所需要的材料的數(shù)量進(jìn)行足夠精確的計(jì)算，以使承包人提交出該工作的一個(gè)價(jià)格總量。每個(gè)項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量，例如干式墻、門框、浴室的水池、輸電的管道和線，以及房頂?shù)耐咂夹枰獜挠?jì)劃時(shí)就進(jìn)行精確的計(jì)算。

　　? 1.2 Unit Price Contract單價(jià)合同

　　Unit price contract is used in the work in which the total amount of materials necessary are impossible to be accurately calculated. Contractors submit a price for each item on a unit-price contract. Unit prices are multiplied by the engineer’s estimated quantities and totaled. The actual quantity varies from the estimated quantity by more than 15 or 20%,either above or below the estimated quantity, are sometimes subject to renegotiation of the unit price. When the actual quantity is low, the contractor may request a renegotiated higher price because the anticipated amount of earned overhead has been reduced. When the actual quantity is high, the owner may request a renegotiated unit price for the opposite reason. The goal of unit-price contracts is fairness to both parties.

　　單價(jià)合同用于不可能對(duì)所需的材料總量進(jìn)行精確估算的工作。承包人提交的是一個(gè)單價(jià)合同里對(duì)每個(gè)項(xiàng)目定的價(jià)格。單位價(jià)格乘以工程師估計(jì)的量相差可以超過(guò)15%或20%，可能高于或低于估計(jì)的量，有時(shí)對(duì)單位價(jià)格還要進(jìn)行協(xié)商。當(dāng)實(shí)際的量較低時(shí)，承包商也許會(huì)要求重新確定一個(gè)較高的價(jià)格，因?yàn)轭A(yù)期所掙得的總額減少了。當(dāng)實(shí)際的量較高時(shí)，業(yè)主因?yàn)橄喾吹脑蛞苍S會(huì)要求重新定一個(gè)價(jià)格。單位價(jià)格合同的目的是公平地對(duì)待合同雙方。

　　1.3 Cost Plus 成本附加

　　Cost plus(cost reimbursable)contracts are used in situations that make it difficult or impossible for either the owner or the contractor to predict their costs during the negotiation, bid, and award process. Factors that may make the calculation of costs impossible include unpredictable and extreme weather conditions such as would be encountered in the Antarctic, unknown transportation requirements to remote locations, combat or war, or contracts where the amount of effort that will be required depends on another contractor’s work.

　　成本附加(可回收費(fèi)用)合同用于業(yè)主和承包人在談判、投標(biāo)和授權(quán)的過(guò)程中均很難或不可能確定他們成本的情況。有一些因素使得對(duì)成本進(jìn)行計(jì)算是不可能的，包括不可預(yù)知的極差的天氣情況(例如在南極地帶可能遇到)，偏僻地區(qū)的不可預(yù)知的運(yùn)輸需求，爭(zhēng)斗或戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，或者工作量需要依賴其他承包商的工作的合同。

　　Cost plus contracts take many forms, the most common being cost plus a fixed fee and cost plus a percentage. Most owners prefer cost plus fixed fee because then the amount of profit the contractor will earn cannot increase, thereby removing any incentive for the contractor to be anything less than thrifty, or to produce poor-quality work. Cost plus percent contracts may be fair in situations that are very difficult, or when the time to complete the work is not known with any certainty, but some incentives to maintain productivity are needed. A profit that can be earned in six months may not be attractive if there is a possibility that the work may require a year or two.

　　成本附加合同有許多形式，最普通的是正價(jià)加固定的附加費(fèi)以及正價(jià)加上正價(jià)的一定百分比。大多數(shù)業(yè)主寧愿選擇正價(jià)加固定的附加費(fèi)，因?yàn)檫@樣承包人所獲得的利益總量不可能增加，因此除去了承包人會(huì)作出不節(jié)約或生產(chǎn)出較差質(zhì)量工程的任何動(dòng)機(jī)。正價(jià)加上正價(jià)的一定百分比的合同也許對(duì)條件十分艱苦的情況下是十分公平的，或者工程完成的時(shí)間不可確定時(shí)，但是為了保持生產(chǎn)率作出一些激勵(lì)是需要的。如果工程有可能需要一年或兩年，則僅由六個(gè)月所掙到的利潤(rùn)就不再有吸引力了。

　　1.4 Innovations and Trends改革和趨勢(shì)

　　 A+B means cost plus time. The Department of Transportation will assign a value to each day the highway work is being performed and the contractors will then bid a price plus a number of days. The low bidder is determined as the low total of the value of cost plus time. It is, of course, very possible to select a low bidder who bids a higher price, but fewer days , than the other contractors.

　　A+B式合同是從歐洲傳過(guò)來(lái)的相對(duì)較新的改革。它們是由運(yùn)輸局開(kāi)發(fā)以減少公路建設(shè)的時(shí)間以及因此對(duì)交通流進(jìn)行限制的時(shí)間。許多公路工程項(xiàng)目包括翻新、修復(fù)、改造以及加寬。真正的新建工程很少。A+B合同的目的是提供一種可以付給承包人報(bào)酬的方法，考慮補(bǔ)償其定施工順序和分段等方面的專業(yè)性，以使工程可以快速有效地完成。

　　There are other forms of contracts, each with its own specialized purpose. For instance, guaranteed maximum price contracts are sometimes used for negotiated work that is started before the design is complete, making it difficult or impossible for the contractor to estimate the price accurately. This type of contract is also sometimes used when one contractor defaults on a partially complete contract, and a second contractor finishes the project.

　　A+B的意思是成本加上時(shí)間。運(yùn)輸局對(duì)每天公路工程完成的數(shù)量進(jìn)行指定，承包人投標(biāo)給出的是一定的成本和所需的天數(shù)。以成本加上時(shí)間合計(jì)較低來(lái)確定低投標(biāo)人。當(dāng)然也有可能選擇出價(jià)較高但是工作天數(shù)較少的低投標(biāo)人，而不是其它的承包人。

　　合同還有其他一些形式，每個(gè)都有它自己專門的目的。例如，擔(dān)保最高價(jià)格的合同，用在設(shè)計(jì)完成前就開(kāi)始進(jìn)行談判的使用，這時(shí)承包人非常困難或不可能精確的估計(jì)出價(jià)格。這種形式的合同也經(jīng)常用在一個(gè)承包人對(duì)只完成了一部分的合同的內(nèi)容沒(méi)有履行職責(zé)，另一承包人完成了這個(gè)工程的情況。

　　2 、訂立合同的方法Contracting methods

　　Contracting methods refers to the contractual arrangements the owner users to procure a project, whereas contract types refer to how the contractor would be paid for performing the work.

　　訂立合同的方法是指業(yè)主為了促成一項(xiàng)工程使用的合同的安排，但是合同形式是指怎樣支付執(zhí)行工程的承包人。

　　2.1 Design-Build設(shè)計(jì)建造

　　Design-Build contract are exactly what the name implies. On contractor is responsible for both the design and construction. This type of contracting is growing in popularity. A design-build contract provides distinct advantages to the owner who no longer needs to referee disagreements between the designer and the contractor because they are working together under the sane contract. Design-build contracts are often structured on cost plus with guaranteed maximum price (GMP) basis. Often the savings below the GMP is shared by the owner and contractor.

　　設(shè)計(jì)建造合同的意思就是它的名字所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。一個(gè)承包人在設(shè)計(jì)和建造上都有責(zé)任。這種類型的承包逐漸變得很流行。一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)建造合同給業(yè)主提供了明顯的有利條件，他就不必在設(shè)計(jì)者和承包人之間意見(jiàn)不合時(shí)當(dāng)調(diào)解人了，因?yàn)樵谕粋€(gè)合同下他們是在一起工作的。設(shè)計(jì)建造合同通常建立在一個(gè)成本加上一個(gè)對(duì)最大花費(fèi)的擔(dān)保(GMP)。

　　2.2 Design-build-operate設(shè)計(jì)建造運(yùn)營(yíng)合同

　　Design-build-operate are not as common as design-build contracts. They may be used for projects such as athletic arenas, water treatment plants, water purification facilities, and toll highways. The principle is that the contractor will retain some percentage of ownership in the facility, up to 100%, for a specified period of time, and operate the facility for a profit during that time to recoup the capital investment (total cost plus profit). The period of ownership by the contractor may vary from a few years to permanent. During the period of ownership, the contractor is responsible for all costs of ownership, and all profits resulting from ownership. In the case of athletic arenas, there is typically a revenue-or profit-sharing agreement with the team ownership or municipality.

　　設(shè)計(jì)建造運(yùn)營(yíng)合同并不象設(shè)計(jì)建造合同那樣常見(jiàn)。它們用于一些工程中，例如運(yùn)動(dòng)競(jìng)技場(chǎng)、水處理廠、水凈化設(shè)施以及公路收費(fèi)站。其原理是對(duì)于一個(gè)特定的時(shí)期內(nèi)，承包人保持對(duì)設(shè)施的部分所有權(quán)，可以達(dá)到100%，在那段時(shí)間對(duì)設(shè)施進(jìn)行運(yùn)營(yíng)一定利益來(lái)對(duì)投資資金(全部花費(fèi)加上利潤(rùn))進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償。承包人擁有所有權(quán)的期限可以從幾年變化到永久性使用。在擁有所有權(quán)的期間，承包人以業(yè)主的身份對(duì)所有花費(fèi)負(fù)責(zé)，并接受所有的利潤(rùn)。

　　3 Bonds (Guarantees) 擔(dān)保(保證)

　　In any bond there are three parties-the principal (contractor), the surety (bonding company) and the obligee (owner). The surety and the principal make a joint and several guarantee to the owner, that is both parties are obligated to the owner.

　　任何一個(gè)合同都有三方的當(dāng)事人責(zé)任人(承包人)、擔(dān)保人(公司擔(dān)保)以及債權(quán)人(業(yè)主)。擔(dān)保人和責(zé)任人形成一個(gè)聯(lián)合體對(duì)業(yè)主作出一些擔(dān)保，也就是這兩個(gè)當(dāng)事人對(duì)業(yè)主均亦責(zé)任。

　　3.1 Bid Bonds投標(biāo)擔(dān)保

　　Bid bonds have two purposes: (1) to guarantee the contractor will enter into a contract if determined to be the lowest responsible bidder and (2) to guarantee the contractor will provide the required payment and performance bonds, and insurance policies. When the performance and payment bonds have been submitted, the contractor is released from the bid bond obligations.

　　Most bid bonds are what we a limiting amount.

　　投標(biāo)擔(dān)保有兩個(gè)目的：(1)如果決定了最低的責(zé)任投標(biāo)人則要保證承包人簽定合同，(2)保證承包人會(huì)提供必需的報(bào)酬并且執(zhí)行擔(dān)保，以及保險(xiǎn)方針。當(dāng)提交了履約擔(dān)保和支付報(bào)酬的擔(dān)保，承包人就解除了對(duì)投標(biāo)合同的義務(wù)。

　　3.2 Performance Bonds履約擔(dān)保

　　Performance Bonds guarantee the performance of the contract requirements at the stated bid price. In effect, the surety is saying it guarantees the performance of the contractor, or it will complete the project as described in the plans and specifications. The surety is in the position of being asked to guarantee the contractor’s performance. Therefore, the contractor must demonstrate an ability to perform before the surety is willing to issue payment and performance bonds. The surety will visit the contractor’s home office and job sites, and will contact the owners of recently completed contracts.

　　履約擔(dān)保保證在申明的投標(biāo)價(jià)格下執(zhí)行合同所需要胡內(nèi)容。實(shí)際上，擔(dān)保人會(huì)對(duì)合同的履行進(jìn)行擔(dān)保，或則會(huì)按照設(shè)計(jì)圖和說(shuō)明書描述的形式來(lái)完成工程。擔(dān)保人處在被要求對(duì)合同的執(zhí)行進(jìn)行擔(dān)保的位置。因此，在擔(dān)保人樂(lè)于發(fā)給報(bào)酬和執(zhí)行擔(dān)保之前，承包人必須證明他有完成任務(wù)的能力。擔(dān)保人會(huì)參觀承包人的總公司以及工作地，并且會(huì)接觸業(yè)主最近完成的合同。

　　Contractors must develop a long-standing working relationship with their surety, and they must learn to present their company in its most favorable light when applying for payment and performance bonds. They must work consistently with a surety who will underwrite projects with specific constraints of project type, location, and size. If a contractor defaults on performance of the contract, the surety who will underwrite projects with specific constraints of project type, location, and size .if a contractor defaults on performance of the contract, the surety has three basic choices:

　　承包人必須與他們的擔(dān)保人發(fā)展一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期存在的工作關(guān)系，當(dāng)他們申請(qǐng)報(bào)酬和申請(qǐng)履約擔(dān)保時(shí)，他們與擔(dān)保人必須保持始終如一的工作關(guān)系，因?yàn)閾?dān)保人在工程類型、位置和尺寸上有特殊約束情況下會(huì)承諾支付費(fèi)用的。如果承包人執(zhí)行合同時(shí)沒(méi)有履行義務(wù)，則擔(dān)保人有三個(gè)基本的選擇：

　　(1) Buy back the bond. This amounts to giving he owner a check for the amount of the penal value of the bonds.

　　(2) Replace the contractor. Negotiate or advertise for bids for the purpose of retaining another contractor to finish the work.

　　(3) Finance the contractor. The bonding company runs the risk of spending more than the value of the bond, but this is still a common option because the contractor is familiar with the project.

　　Today most sureties try to replace the contractor.

　　(1)買回?fù)?dān)保。讓業(yè)主對(duì)擔(dān)保處罰的數(shù)量進(jìn)行檢查。

　　(2)更換承包人。為了保證另一個(gè)承包人能夠完成這項(xiàng)工作，要進(jìn)行投標(biāo)協(xié)協(xié)商或登出投標(biāo)廣告。

　　(3)為承包人提供經(jīng)費(fèi)。擔(dān)保的公司有花費(fèi)高于擔(dān)保價(jià)值的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但是這仍然是一個(gè)共同的選擇，因?yàn)槌邪藢?duì)工程是熟悉的。

　　現(xiàn)今大多數(shù)擔(dān)保人都會(huì)努力嘗試更換承包人。

　　3.3 Payment Bonds支付擔(dān)保

　　The Miller Act of 1935 provides that on federal projects over $200,000,the contractor must furnish payment and performance bonds in a satisfactory amount. Most states have passed Little Miller Act legislation. Government agencies require bonds because contractors cannot place a lien on government-owned property. The Miller Act and state-level Little Miller Acts provide the mechanism to guarantee the performance of the general contractor, and that the subcontracors, labor, and suppliers will be paid.

　　1935年的Miller Act 供應(yīng)給聯(lián)邦工程超過(guò)200 000美元，承包人必須提供報(bào)酬，擔(dān)保的執(zhí)行達(dá)到了一個(gè)滿意的程度。大多數(shù)州都通過(guò)了Little Miller Act 的立法。政府機(jī)構(gòu)需要擔(dān)保，因?yàn)槌邪瞬荒軐?duì)政府所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)寄予擁有留置權(quán)的希望。 Miller Act以及州級(jí)的Little Miller Acts提供了對(duì)總承包人，以及次承包者、勞動(dòng)者以及供應(yīng)商擔(dān)保的機(jī)制，使得他們都可以獲得酬金。