TITLE IV. Defences第4篇 抗辯

　　Chapter 7. Defences in general第7章 一般的抗辯

　　Art. 7:101. Defences based on justifications第7：101條 基于正當(dāng)化事由的抗辯

　　(1) Liability can be excluded if and to the extent that the actor acted legitimately

　　行為人在以下情況下的正當(dāng)行為可被免責(zé)：

　　a) in defence of his own protected interest against an unlawful attack (self-defence),

　　為保護其自身利益免受非法攻擊(自衛(wèi))，

　　b) under necessity, 在不得已的情況下，

　　c) because the help of the authorities could not be obtained in time (self-help),

　　因不能及時獲得公權(quán)力機關(guān)救濟(自力救助)，

　　d) with the consent of the victim, or where the latter has assumed the risk of being harmed, or

　　經(jīng)受害人承諾，或者受害人接受被損害的風(fēng)險，或者

　　e) by virtue of lawful authority, such as a licence. 根據(jù)合法授權(quán)，如許可證。

　　(2) Whether liability is excluded depends upon the weight of these justifications on the one hand and the conditions of liability on the other.

　　能否被免責(zé)一方面取決于抗辯事由的重要性，另一方面取決于具體責(zé)任的條件。

　　(3) In extraordinary cases, liability may instead be reduced. 在特殊情況下，責(zé)任可予以減縮。

　　Art. 7:102. Defences against strict liability第7：102條 對嚴(yán)格責(zé)任的抗辯

　　(1) Strict liability can be excluded or reduced if the injury was caused by an unforeseeable and irresistible

　　如損害是由以下不可預(yù)見和不可抗拒的原因引起的，則可減免嚴(yán)格責(zé)任：

　　a) force of nature (force majeure), or 自然力(不可抗力)，或

　　b) conduct of a third party. 第三者行為

　　(2) Whether strict liability is excluded or reduced, and if so, to what extent, depends upon the weight of the external influence on the one hand and the scope of liability (Article 3:201) on the other.

　　嚴(yán)格責(zé)任是否可被減免，以及可以減到何種程度，一方面取決于外部的影響的重要性，另一方面取決于責(zé)任的范圍(第3：201條) 。

　　(3) When reduced according to paragraph (1)(b), strict liability and any liability of the third party are solidary in accordance with Article 9:101 (1)(b).

　　當(dāng)依據(jù)本條(1) (b) 項減縮責(zé)任時，嚴(yán)格責(zé)任與第三者的其他責(zé)任依據(jù)第9：101條(1) (b)項 為連帶責(zé)任。

　　Chapter 8. Contributory conduct or activity第8章 有作用的行為或活動

　　Art. 8:101. Contributory conduct or activity of the victim

　　第8：101條 受害人有作用的行為或活動

　　(1) Liability can be excluded or reduced to such extent as is considered just having regard to the victim’s contributory fault and to any other matters which would be relevant to establish or reduce liability of the victim if he were the tortfeasor.

　　在受害人對過錯的作用和如果受害人是侵權(quán)人等其他影響確定或者減縮受害人責(zé)任的相關(guān)范圍內(nèi)，責(zé)任可被免除或減縮。

　　(2) Where damages are claimed with respect to the death of a person, his conduct or activity excludes or reduces liability according to para. 1.

　　損害賠償涉及當(dāng)事人死亡的，可依據(jù)本條(1)款根據(jù)該死亡者的行為或活動免除或減縮責(zé)任。

　　The contributory conduct or activity of an auxiliary of the victim excludes or reduces the damages recoverable by the latter according to para. 1.

　　受害人的輔助者對損害的發(fā)生發(fā)揮作用的行為或活動，依據(jù)本條1，得免除或減縮受害人可被補償?shù)馁r償金。

　　TITLE V. Multiple Tortfeasors第5篇 多個侵權(quán)行為人

　　Chapter 9. Multiple Tortfeasors第9章 多個侵權(quán)行為人

　　Art 9:101 Solidary and several liability: relation between victim and multiple tortfeasors

　　第9：101條 連帶和單獨的責(zé)任：受害人與多個侵權(quán)行為人的關(guān)系

　　(1) Liability is solidary where the whole or a distinct part of the damage suffered by the victim is attributable to two or more persons. Liability is solidary where:

　　受害人遭受的全部或可明確區(qū)分的部分損害可以歸因于兩個或兩個以上行為人時，行為人負(fù)連帶責(zé)任。下列情況下行為人負(fù)連帶責(zé)任：

　　a) a person knowingly participates in or instigates or encourages wrongdoing by others which causes damage to the victim; or

　　有意參與，或教唆、慫恿他人實施不法行為，致使受害人遭受損害者;或

　　b) one person’s independent behaviour or activity causes damage to the victim and the same damage is also attributable to another person.

　　一人獨立的行為或活動引起受害人的損害，而同一損害也可歸因于另一人。

　　c) a person is responsible for damage caused by an auxiliary in circumstances where the auxiliary is also liable.

　　在一個人的輔助者對所引起損害應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任的情況下，該人對輔助者引起的損害負(fù)責(zé)任。

　　(2) Where persons are subject tosolidary liability, the victim may claim full compensation from any one or more of them, provided that the victim may not recover more than the full amount of the damage suffered by him.

　　當(dāng)數(shù)人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任時，只要賠償總額不超過受害人所遭受損害，受害人可向其中任何一人或多人請求全部賠償。

　　(3) Damage is the same damage for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b) above when there is no reasonable basis for attributing only part of it to each of a number of persons liable to the victim. For this purpose it is for the person asserting that the damage is not the same to show that it is not. Where there is such a basis, liability is several, that is to say, each person is liable to the victim only for the part of the damage attributable to him.

　　在無合理基礎(chǔ)只將損害的一部分歸責(zé)于對受害人負(fù)責(zé)任的數(shù)人中的每一個人時，損害與上述(1) (b) 款的損害相同。主張該損害與上述損害不同必須證明這種不同。只要有這種合理基礎(chǔ)，責(zé)任就是單獨的，即每人只對受害人損害中被歸責(zé)于他的相應(yīng)部分負(fù)責(zé)。

　　Art 9:102 Relation between persons subject to solidary liability

　　第9：102條 連帶責(zé)任人的相互關(guān)系

　　(1) A person subject to solidary liability may recover a contribution from any other person liable to the victim in respect of the same damage. This right is without prejudice to any contract between them determining the allocation of the loss or to any statutory provision or to any right to recover by reason of subrogation [cessio legis] or on the basis of unjust enrichment.

　　承擔(dān)了連帶責(zé)任的人，可以向?qū)κ芎θ说耐粨p害負(fù)責(zé)任的任何一人追償。這一權(quán)利不影響當(dāng)事人之間決定損失分配的合同，或者任何法律規(guī)定，或者因法定代位(法定讓與) 或基于不當(dāng)?shù)美淖穬敊?quán)。

　　(2) Subject to paragraph (3) of this Article, the amount of the contribution shall be what is considered just in the light of the relative responsibility for the damage of the persons liable, having regard to their respective degrees of fault and to any other matters which are relevant to establish or reduce their liability. A contribution may amount to full indemnification. If it is not possible to determine the relative responsibility of the persons liable they are to be treated as equally responsible.

　　在不違反本條第(3)的條件下，該償還額應(yīng)根據(jù)各責(zé)任人對損害的相對責(zé)任，以及他們各自的過錯程度和其他與確立或減縮其責(zé)任有關(guān)的事項，公平確定。償還額可以是全額補償。如果不能確定責(zé)任人的相對責(zé)任份額，就應(yīng)按照負(fù)均等責(zé)任處理。

　　(3) Where a person is liable for damage done by an auxiliary under Article 9:101 he is to be treated as bearing the entire share of the responsibility attributable to the auxiliary for the purposes of contribution between him and any tortfeasor other than the auxiliary.

　　根據(jù)第9：101條對輔助者引起的損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任的人，在他和除他的輔助者之外的其他侵權(quán)行為人的責(zé)任分配關(guān)系上，應(yīng)當(dāng)被認(rèn)為承擔(dān)其輔助者全部責(zé)任份額。

　　(4) The obligation to make contribution is several, that is to say, the person subject to it is liable only for his apportioned share of responsibility for the damage under this Article; but where it is not possible to enforce a judgment for contribution against one person liable his share is to be reallocated among the other persons liable in proportion to their responsibility.

　　償還債務(wù)是分擔(dān)的單獨債務(wù)，即償還債務(wù)人按照本條規(guī)定僅對損害中其應(yīng)承擔(dān)的部分負(fù)責(zé)任;但是，在無法對責(zé)任人中的一人執(zhí)行判決所認(rèn)定償還義務(wù)時，他的分擔(dān)部分應(yīng)在其他責(zé)任人之間按他們應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任的比例進(jìn)行再分配。

　　TITLE VI. Remedies第6篇 救濟方式

　　Chapter 10. Damages第10章 損害賠償

　　Section 1. Damages in general第1節(jié) 一般的損害賠償

　　Art. 10:101. Nature and purpose of damages第10：101條 損害賠償?shù)男再|(zhì)和目的

　　Damages are a money payment to compensate the victim, that is to say, to restore him, so far as money can, to the position he would have been in if the wrong complained of had not been committed. Damages also serve the aim of preventing harm.

　　損害賠償是以貨幣方式賠償受害人，即，在貨幣可能的范圍內(nèi)，使受害人索賠到如果傷害未發(fā)生的狀態(tài)。損害賠償也同樣服務(wù)于預(yù)防損害的目的。

　　Art. 10:102. Lump sum or periodical payments第10：102條 一次性賠償及定期支付償

　　Damages are awarded in a lump sum or as periodical payments as appropriate with particular regard to the interests of the victim.

　　損害賠償，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)受害人的利益，適當(dāng)選擇一次支付總額或定期支付。

　　Art. 10:103. Benefits gained through the damaging event 第10：103條 通過損害事件受益

　　When determining the amount of damages benefits which the injured party gains through the damaging event are to be taken into account unless this cannot be reconciled with the purpose of the benefit.

　　在決定損害賠償金額時，必須計入受害方通過損害事件所獲得的利益，除非這種做法與受益的目的不一致。

　　Art. 10:104. Restoration in kind第10：104條 恢復(fù)原狀

　　Instead of damages, restoration in kind can be claimed by the injured party as far as it is possible and not too burdensome to the other party.

　　只要可能，并且不會給另一方增加當(dāng)事人過多的負(fù)擔(dān)，受害人有權(quán)不要求損害賠償而要求恢復(fù)原狀。

　　Section 2. Pecuniary damage第2節(jié) 財產(chǎn)損害

　　Art. 10:201. Nature and determination of pecuniary damage

　　第10：201條 財產(chǎn)損害的性質(zhì)與確定

　　Recoverable pecuniary damage is a diminution of the victim’s patrimony caused by the damaging event. Such damage is generally determined as concretely as possible but it may be determined abstractly when appropriate, for example by reference to a market value.

　　可索賠的財產(chǎn)損害指受害人在損害事件中遭受的財物的減少。這種損害通常應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量具體地確定，但在某些適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下也可以抽象地加以確定，例如，參照市場價格。

　　Art. 10:202. Personal injury and death第10：202條 人身傷害與死亡

　　(1) In the case of personal injury, which includes injury to bodily health and to mental health amounting to a recognised illness, pecuniary damage includes loss of income, impairment of earning capacity (even if unaccompanied by any loss of income) and reasonable expenses, such as the cost of medical care.

　　人身傷亡的情況，包括構(gòu)成可識別的疾病的對身體健康和精神健康的傷害。財產(chǎn)損害包括收入損失，勞動能力的喪失(即使不伴隨任何收入損失) 以及醫(yī)療費用等合理開支。

　　(2) In the case of death, persons such as family members whom the deceased maintained or would have maintained if death had not occurred are treated as having suffered recoverable damage to the extent of loss of that support.

　　在死亡的情況下，家庭成員等死者生前撫養(yǎng)或如果死亡未發(fā)生將撫養(yǎng)的人，可獲得與其撫養(yǎng)喪失程度相等的賠償。

　　Art. 10:203. Loss, destruction and damage of things 第10：203條 物的喪失、滅失和損壞

　　(1) Where a thing is lost, destroyed or damaged, the basic measure of damages is the value of the thing or the diminution in its value and for this purpose it is irrelevant whether the victim intends to replace or repair the thing. However, if the victim has replaced or repaired it (or will do so), he may recover the higher expenditure thereby incurred if it is reasonable to do so.

　　在物的喪失、滅失和損壞的情況下，損害賠償?shù)幕境叨仁窃撐锏膬r值或其價值的減少。損害賠償?shù)某叨扰c受害人是否想要替換或修理該物無關(guān)。但是，如果受害人已經(jīng)(或決定) 替換或修理該物，只要是合理進(jìn)行的，他因此而支出的更高費用就可以獲得賠償。

　　(2) Damages may also be awarded for loss of use of the thing, including consequential losses such as loss of business.

　　損害賠償同樣適用于對物的使用的喪失，包括因這種結(jié)果而產(chǎn)生的交易上的損失。

　　Section 3. Non-pecuniary damage第3節(jié) 非財產(chǎn)損害

　　Art. 10:301. Non-pecuniary damage第10：301條 非財產(chǎn)損害

　　(1) Considering the scope of its protection (Article 2:102), the violation of an interest may justify compensation of non-pecuniary damage. This is the case in particular where the victim has suffered personal injury; or injury to human dignity, liberty, or other personality rights. Non-pecuniary damage can also be the subject of compensation for persons having a close relationship with a victim suffering a fatal or very serious non-fatal injury.

　　考慮利益的保護范圍(第2：102條)時，可以要求對受侵害利益做出非財產(chǎn)損害賠償，這尤其適用于受害人遭受人身傷害或人的尊嚴(yán)、自由或其他人格權(quán)利的侵害的情況。非財產(chǎn)損害賠償同樣可以適用于與遭受致命或嚴(yán)重非致命傷害的受害人有親近關(guān)系的人。

　　(2) In general, in the assessment of such damages, all circumstances of the case, including the gravity, duration and consequences of the grievance, have to be taken into account. The degree of the tortfeasor’s fault is to be taken into account only where it significantly contributes to the grievance of the victim.

　　在確定這種損害賠償時一般應(yīng)考慮該案的所有情況，包括該痛苦的嚴(yán)重性、持續(xù)時間和后果。侵權(quán)行為人的過錯程度只有在對造成受害人的痛苦起到了顯著作用時才加以考慮。

　　(3) In cases of personal injury, non-pecuniary damage corresponds to the suffering of the victim and the impairment of his bodily or mental health. In assessing damages (including damages for persons having a close relationship to deceased or seriously injured victims) similar sums should be awarded for objectively similar losses.

　　在人身傷害的情況下，非財產(chǎn)損害應(yīng)與受害人的苦楚及其身體或精神健康損傷相符。在確定損害賠償時(包括因與死亡或受重傷的受害人有親近關(guān)系的人的損害)，客觀上相似的損失應(yīng)給予相似的總額。

　　Section 4. Reduction of damages第4節(jié) 損害賠償?shù)臏p縮

　　Art. 10:401. Reduction of damages第10：401條 損害賠償?shù)臏p縮

　　In an exceptional case, if in light of the financial situation of the parties full compensation would be an oppressive burden to the defendant, damages may be reduced. In deciding whether to do so, the basis of liability (Article 1:101), the scope of protection of the interest (Article 2:102) and the magnitude of the damage have to be taken into account in particular.

　　在例外的情況下，如果根據(jù)當(dāng)事人的經(jīng)濟狀況，全部賠償將對被告形成難以承受的負(fù)擔(dān)，損害賠償可以減縮。判斷是否減縮損害賠償，特別要根據(jù)責(zé)任基礎(chǔ)(第1：101條)、該利益的保護范圍(第2：102條) 和損害的大小。