PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN TORT LAW

　　歐洲侵權(quán)行為法基本原則

　　《歐洲侵權(quán)行為法基本原則》是一個由意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙、比利時、德國、法國、英國、荷蘭、瑞典、瑞士、希臘、奧地利等歐洲國家和歐洲侵權(quán)行為和保險法律中心，以及南非、以色列、美國等國的侵權(quán)行為法學(xué)者和法官構(gòu)成的稱作歐洲侵權(quán)行為法團(tuán)體(European Group on Tort Law)的組織草擬的一個旨在謀求協(xié)調(diào)歐洲各國侵權(quán)行為法的建議稿。

　　TITLE I. Basic Norm第1篇 基本規(guī)范

　　Chapter 1. Basic Norm第1章 基本規(guī)范

　　Art. 1:101. Basic norm第1：101條 基本規(guī)范

　　(1) A person to whom damage to another is legally attributed is liable to compensate that damage.

　　給他人造成的損害由法律上被歸責(zé)者負(fù)賠償該損害之責(zé)任。

　　(2) Damage may be attributed in particular to the person 損害可以被歸責(zé)于以下人：

　　a) whose conduct constituting fault has caused it; or 其構(gòu)成過錯的行為引起損害者;

　　b) whose abnormally dangerous activity has caused it; or

　　或者從事異常危險活動的行為引起損害者;

　　c) whose auxiliary has caused it within the scope of his functions.

　　或者其附屬者在其職責(zé)范圍內(nèi)引起損害者。

　　TITLE II. General Conditions of Liability第2篇 一般責(zé)任要件

　　Chapter 2. Damage第2章 損害

　　Art. 2:101. Recoverable damage第2：101條 可索賠的損害

　　Damage requires material or immaterial harm to a legally protected interest.

　　損害必須是對受保護(hù)的法律上利益的物質(zhì)上或非物質(zhì)上的侵害。

　　Art. 2:102. Protected interests第2：102條 受保護(hù)的利益

　　(1) The scope of protection of an interest depends on its nature; the higher its value, the precision of its definition and its obviousness, the more extensive is its protection.

　　受保護(hù)利益的范圍取決于該利益的性質(zhì);利益價值越高，定義越精確，越顯而易見，保護(hù)范圍就越廣泛。

　　(2) Life, bodily or mental integrity, human dignity and liberty enjoy the most extensive protection.

　　生命、身體或精神上的完整性，人的尊嚴(yán)和人身自由享受最廣泛的保護(hù)。

　　(3) Extensive protection is granted to property rights, including those in intangible property.

　　廣泛的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)，包括那些無體資產(chǎn)。

　　(4) Protection of pure economic interests or contractual relationships may be more limited in scope. In such cases, due regard must be had especially to the proximity between the actor and the endangered person, or to the fact that the actor is aware of the fact that he will cause damage even though his interests are necessarily valued lower than those of the victim.

　　純經(jīng)濟(jì)利益或者契約關(guān)系的保護(hù)范圍可能受到更多的限制。在這種情況下，即使行為人的利益必然被評價為比受害人低，但仍然應(yīng)當(dāng)注意到行為人與遭受危險者的特別接近關(guān)系，或者行為人知道其行為將造成損害的特別的事實(shí)。

　　(5) The scope of protection may also be affected by the nature of liability, so that an interest may receive more extensive protection against intentional harm than in other cases.

　　保護(hù)范圍也可受責(zé)任性質(zhì)的影響，所以，對利益的保護(hù)在故意的加害的情況下要比在其他情況更廣泛。

　　(6) In determining the scope of protection, the interests of the actor, especially in liberty of action and in exercising his rights, as well as public interests also have to be taken into consideration.

　　當(dāng)確定保護(hù)范圍時，還應(yīng)考慮行為人的利益，特別是在行動的自由與權(quán)利的行使方面的利益，以及公共利益。

　　Art. 2:103. Legitimacy of damage：103條 損害的合法性

　　Losses relating to activities or sources which are regarded as illegitimate cannot be recovered.

　　被認(rèn)定為涉及不法的行為或來源的損失不能得到索賠。

　　Art. 2:104. Preventive expenses第2：104條 預(yù)防性費(fèi)用

　　Expenses incurred to prevent threatened damage amount to recoverable damage in so far as reasonably incurred.

　　為預(yù)防可能發(fā)生的損害的威脅而發(fā)生的費(fèi)用，只要是合理引起的就可以計(jì)入可索賠的損害。

　　Art. 2:105. Proof of damage第2：105條 損害的證明

　　Damage must be proved according to normal procedural standards. The court may estimate the extent of damage where proof of the exact amount would be too difficult or too costly.

　　損害必須是被依照正規(guī)的訴訟程序標(biāo)準(zhǔn)證明的。在證明損害的精確數(shù)額過于困難或費(fèi)用過高時，法院可以評估損害的范圍。

　　Chapter 3. Causation第3章 因果關(guān)系

　　Section 1. Conditio sine qua non and qualifications必要條件與限定性條件

　　第1節(jié) Art. 3:101. Conditio sine qua non 第3：101條 必要條件

　　An activity or conduct (hereafter: activity) is a cause of the victim’s damage if, in the absence of the activity, the damage would not have occurred.

　　如果某行為或表現(xiàn)(以下稱：行為)不存在，則損害就不會發(fā)生，那么該行為就是受害人損害的原因。

　　Art. 3:102. Concurrent causes第3：102條 競合的原因

　　In case of multiple activities, where each of them alone would have caused the damage at the same time, each activity is regarded as a cause of the victim’s damage.

　　如果存在多個行為，而其中每一行為單獨(dú)地都可以同時引起損害，則每個行為都可被認(rèn)定為受害人損害的原因。

　　Art. 3:103. Alternative causes第3：103條 可選擇的原因

　　(1) In case of multiple activities, where each of them alone would have been sufficient to cause the damage, but it remains uncertain which one in fact caused it, each activity is regarded as a cause to the extent corresponding to the likelihood that it may have caused the victim’s damage.

　　在存在多個行為，其中每一行為單獨(dú)地都足以引起損害，但不能清楚確定事實(shí)上是哪一個引起了損害時，可根據(jù)每個行為引起受害人損害的相應(yīng)范圍的可能性認(rèn)定其為受害人損害的原因。

　　(2) If, in case of multiple victims, it remains uncertain whether a particular victim’s damage has been caused by an activity, while it is likely that it did not cause the damage of all victims, the activity is regarded as a cause of the damage suffered by all victims in proportion to the likelihood that it may have caused the damage of a particular victim.

　　在有多數(shù)受害人，但不能清楚確定特定受害人的損害是否由某一行為引起時，即使該行為可能沒有引起所有損害，也應(yīng)根據(jù)該行為引起特定受害人的損害的可能性，認(rèn)定其為所有受害人所遭受損害的原因。

　　Art. 3:104. Potential causes第3：104條 潛在的原因

　　(1) If an activity has definitely and irreversibly led the victim to suffer damage, a subsequent activity which alone would have caused the same damage is to be disregarded.

　　如果某一行為明確地且不可避免地致使受害人遭受損害時，其后發(fā)生的另一行為即使可單獨(dú)引起同樣的損害，也不予以考慮。

　　(2) A subsequent activity is nevertheless taken into consideration if it has led to additional or aggravated damage.

　　如果隨后發(fā)生的另一行為導(dǎo)致額外損害或加重?fù)p害，則仍必須加以考慮。

　　(3) If the first activity has caused continuing damage and the subsequent activity later on also would have caused it, both activities are regarded as a cause of that continuing damage from that time on.

　　如果第一個行為造成持續(xù)的損害，隨后發(fā)生的另一行為也可能造成此損害，則從那個時間開始，這兩個行為都被視為引起持續(xù)損害的原因。

　　Art. 3:105. Uncertain partial causation第3：105條 不確定部分的因果關(guān)系

　　In the case of multiple activities, when it is certain that none of them has caused the entire damage or any determinable part thereof, those that are likely to have [minimally] contributed to the damage are presumed to have caused equal shares thereof.

　　在有多個行為，能夠確定其中沒有一個行為引起全部損害或任何可確定部分的損害的情況下，則那些(至少)可能引起損害的行為應(yīng)被推定為引起了相同比例的損害。

　　Art. 3:106. Uncertain causes within the victim’s sphere

　　第3：106條 受害人領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的不確定原因

　　The victim has to bear his loss to the extent corresponding to the likelihood that it may have been caused by an activity, occurrence or other circumstance within his own sphere.

　　受害人必須負(fù)擔(dān)與由受害人領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的活動、事件或其他情況引起的損害的可能性相對應(yīng)的損失。

　　Section 2. Scope of Liability第2節(jié) 責(zé)任范圍

　　Art. 3:201. Scope of Liability第3：201條 責(zé)任范圍

　　Where an activity is a cause within the meaning of Section 1 of this Chapter, whether and to what extent damage may be attributed to a person depends on factors such as

　　當(dāng)某行為構(gòu)成本章第1節(jié)規(guī)定的原因時，損害是否可以以及在何種程度上能夠被歸責(zé)于某人，取決于下列因素：

　　a) the foreseeability of the damage to a reasonable person at the time of the activity, taking into account in particular the closeness in time or space between the damaging activity and its consequence, or the magnitude of the damage in relation to the normal consequences of such an activity;

　　合理人在行為時對該損害的預(yù)見能力，特別要考慮加害行為與其結(jié)果在時間或空間上的接近性，或者與這種行為導(dǎo)致的通常結(jié)果相比較，該損害的嚴(yán)重性;

　　b) the nature and the value of the protected interest (Article 2:102);

　　受保護(hù)利益的性質(zhì)和價值(第2：102條) ;

　　c) the basis of liability (Article 1:101); 責(zé)任基礎(chǔ)(第1：101條) ;

　　d) the extent of the ordinary risks of life; and 生活中通常風(fēng)險的程度;以及

　　e) the protective purpose of the rule that has been violated. 被違反的原則的保護(hù)目的。

　　TITLE III. Bases of Liability第3篇 責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ)

　　Chapter 4. Liability based on fault第4章 基于過錯的責(zé)任

　　Section 1. Conditions of liability based on fault 第1節(jié) 基于過錯的責(zé)任的要件

　　Art. 4:101. Fault 過錯

　　A person is liable on the basis of fault for intentional or negligent violation of the required standard of conduct.

　　任何人基于過錯因故意或過失違反被要求的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都要負(fù)責(zé)任。

　　Art. 4:102. Required standard of conduct第4：102條 被要求的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　(1) The required standard of conduct is that of the reasonable person in the circumstances, and depends, in particular, on the nature and value of the protected interest involved, the dangerousness of the activity, the expertise to be expected of a person carrying it on, the foreseeability of the damage, the relationship of proximity or special reliance between those involved, as well as the availability and the costs of precautionary or alternative methods.

　　被要求的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是指合理人在其所處狀況下所應(yīng)遵守的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它特別取決于受保護(hù)利益的性質(zhì)和價值，行為的危險性，行為人被期待的專業(yè)知識，損害的可預(yù)見性，關(guān)系人之間的親近關(guān)系或特殊的依賴關(guān)系以及預(yù)防措施或者其他替代方法的可獲得性及費(fèi)用。

　　(2) The above standard may be adjusted when due to age, mental or physical disability or due to extraordinary circumstances the person cannot be expected to conform to it.

　　以上標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由于年齡、精神上或身體上的能力欠缺，或者由于特殊情況無法期待行為人遵守時，可相應(yīng)調(diào)整。

　　(3) Rules which prescribe or forbid certain conduct have to be considered when establishing the required standard of conduct.

　　當(dāng)確定被要求的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時，應(yīng)考慮規(guī)定或禁止某些行為的規(guī)則。

　　Art. 4:103. Duty to protect others from damage

　　103條 保護(hù)他人免受損害的義務(wù)

　　A duty to act positively to protect others from damage may exist if law so provides, or if the actor creates or controls a dangerous situation, or when there is a special relationship between parties or when the seriousness of the harm on the one side and the ease of avoiding the damage on the other side point towards such a duty.

　　積極作為保護(hù)他人免受損害的義務(wù)存在于下列情況：法律有規(guī)定，或者行為人導(dǎo)致或控制危險情況，或者當(dāng)事人之間存在特殊關(guān)系，或者一方面危害的嚴(yán)重性，另一方面避免損害的容易性均指向這一義務(wù)時。

　　Section 2. Reversal of the burden of proving fault第2節(jié) 過錯證明責(zé)任的倒置

　　Art. 4:201. Reversal of the burden of proving fault in general

　　第4：201條 一般的過錯證明責(zé)任的倒置

　　(1) The burden of proving fault may be reversed in light of the gravity of the danger presented by the activity.

　　根據(jù)行為導(dǎo)致的危險程度，可將過錯證明的責(zé)任倒置。

　　(2) The gravity of the danger is determined according to the seriousness of possible damage in such cases as well as the likelihood that such damage might actually occur.

　　該危險程度應(yīng)當(dāng)由在那種情況下可能發(fā)生的損害的嚴(yán)重性以及實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性決定。

　　Art. 4:202. Enterprise Liability第4：202條 企業(yè)責(zé)任

　　(1) A person pursuing a lasting enterprise for economic or professional purposes who uses auxiliaries or technical equipment is liable for any harm caused by a defect of such enterprise or of its output unless he proves that he has conformed to the required standard of conduct.

　　為經(jīng)營長久的經(jīng)濟(jì)或?qū)I(yè)性企業(yè)而使用輔助者或技術(shù)設(shè)備者，應(yīng)對其企業(yè)或其產(chǎn)品的缺陷引起的任何損害負(fù)責(zé)任，除非他能證明他的行為遵守了所要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　(2) Defect is any deviation from standards that are reasonably to be expected from the enterprise or from its products or services.

　　缺陷是指企業(yè)、其產(chǎn)品或其服務(wù)偏離人們合理地期待其達(dá)到的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　Chapter 5. Strict liability第5章 嚴(yán)格責(zé)任

　　Art. 5:101. Abnormally dangerous activities第5：101條 異常危險活動

　　(1) A person who carries on an abnormally dangerous activity is strictly liable for damage characteristic to the risk presented by the activity and resulting from it.

　　(1) 如某一異常危險活動具有導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的特有風(fēng)險并且實(shí)際導(dǎo)致了損害，那么實(shí)施這一活動者應(yīng)對這種損害負(fù)嚴(yán)格責(zé)任。

　　(2) An activity is abnormally dangerous if 某一特定活動在下列情況即為異常危險活動：

　　a) it creates a foreseeable and highly significant risk of damage even when all due care is exercised in its management and

　　即使已盡實(shí)施該活動所有管理上應(yīng)盡的注意，仍然會引起可預(yù)見的和極高的風(fēng)險;

　　b) it is not a matter of common usage. 并非一些通常的做法。

　　(3) A risk of damage may be significant having regard to the seriousness or the likelihood of the damage.

　　損害風(fēng)險的高低視損害的嚴(yán)重性和發(fā)生的可能性而定。

　　(4) This Article does not apply to an activity which is specifically subjected to strict liability by any other provision of these Principles or any other national law or international convention.

　　本條不得適用于本原則其他條款、國內(nèi)法或國際條約明確規(guī)定了嚴(yán)格責(zé)任的活動。

　　Art. 5:102. Other strict liabilities第5：102條 其他嚴(yán)格責(zé)任

　　(1) National laws can provide for further categories of strict liability for dangerous activities even if the activity is not abnormally dangerous.

　　國內(nèi)法可以對更多種類的危險活動規(guī)定嚴(yán)格責(zé)任，即使該活動并非異常危險。

　　(2) Unless national law provides otherwise, additional categories of strict liability can be found by analogy to other sources of comparable risk of damage.

　　除非國內(nèi)法另有規(guī)定，可將本規(guī)定以類推方式適用于其他同類損害風(fēng)險，從而增加嚴(yán)格責(zé)任種類。

　　Chapter 6. Liability for others第6章 對他人的責(zé)任

　　Art. 6:101. Liability for minors or mentally disabled persons

　　第6：101條 對未成年人或精神障礙者的責(zé)任

　　A person in charge of another who is a minor or subject to mental disability is liable for damage caused by the other unless the person in charge shows that he has conformed to the required standard of conduct in supervision.

　　未成年人或精神障礙者的照管者，對其所照管的人引起的損害負(fù)責(zé)，除非照管者能夠證明其照管行為遵守了所要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　Art. 6:102. Liability for auxiliaries第6：102條 輔助者的責(zé)任

　　(1) A person is liable for damage caused by his auxiliaries acting within the scope of their functions provided that they violated the required standard of conduct.

　　任何人都應(yīng)對其輔助者在職權(quán)范圍內(nèi)違反被要求的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)造成的損害負(fù)責(zé)任。

　　(2) An independent contractor is not regarded as an auxiliary for the purposes of this Article.

　　獨(dú)立承攬人不作為本條的輔助者對待。