§ 2A-532. LESSOR'S RIGHTS TO RESIDUAL INTEREST. 出租人對剩余利益的權(quán)利

　　In addition to any other recovery permitted by this Article or other law, the lessor may recover from the lessee an amount that will fully compensate the lessor for any loss of or damage to the lessor's residual interest in the goods caused by the default of the lessee.

　　除本篇或其他法令允許的任何其他追回權(quán)之外，出租人從承租人追回一筆錢款，該金額將充分補償出租人由于貨物的任何滅失或損害，即對出租人在貨物上的、由于承租人的違約行為所引起的剩余權(quán)益的補償。

　　U.C.C. - ARTICLE 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS-流通票據(jù)

　　PART 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS [Table of Contents] 一般規(guī)定與定義

　　§ 3-101. SHORT TITLE. 簡略名稱

　　This Article may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments.

　　本篇可被引用為統(tǒng)一商法典流通票據(jù)。

　　§ 3-102. SUBJECT MATTER. 主題

　　(a) This Article applies to negotiable instruments. It does not apply to money, to payment orders governed by Article 4A, or to securities governed by Article 8.

　　(b) If there is conflict between this Article and Article 4 or 9, Articles 4 and 9 govern.

　　(c) Regulations of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and operating circulars of the Federal Reserve Banks supersede any inconsistent provision of this Article to the extent of the inconsistency.

　　(a) 本篇適用于流通票據(jù)。不適用于貨幣、第4a篇調(diào)整的托付單(payment orders)、或者第8篇調(diào)整的有價證券。

　　(b) 若本篇與第4篇或第9篇相沖突，以第4篇或第9篇為準。

　　(c) 《聯(lián)邦儲備系統(tǒng)董事會規(guī)則》及聯(lián)邦儲備銀行的操作函件于不一致范圍內(nèi)代替本篇任何不一致的規(guī)定。

　　§ 3-103. DEFINITIONS. 定義

　　(a) In this Article: 本篇中：

　　(1) "Acceptor" means a drawee who has accepted a draft.

　　(2) "Consumer account" means an account established by an individual primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.

　　(3) "Consumer transaction" means a transaction in which an individual incurs an obligation primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.

　　(4) "Drawee" means a person ordered in a draft to make payment.

　　(5) "Drawer" means a person who signs or is identified in a draft as a person ordering payment.

　　(6) [reserved]

　　(7) "Maker" means a person who signs or is identified in a note as a person undertaking to pay.

　　(8) "Order" means a written instruction to pay money signed by the person giving the instruction. The instruction may be addressed to any person, including the person giving the instruction, or to one or more persons jointly or in the alternative but not in s統(tǒng)一商法典ession. An authorization to pay is not an order unless the person authorized to pay is also instructed to pay.

　　(1) 接受者指已經(jīng)接受匯票的付款人。

　　(2) 消費者帳戶指由個人主要為個人、家人或者家庭目的設(shè)立的帳戶。

　　(3) "消費交易"指一個個人主要未個人、家人、或者家庭之目的招致義務(wù)的交易。

　　(4) "付款人" 匯票所指定付款的人。

　　(5) "開票人" 指簽名于匯票中或者匯票中確定的作為指示付款的人。

　　(6) [reserved]

　　(7) "制作人"指簽名于票據(jù)中或者票據(jù)確定的承擔(dān)付款義務(wù)的人。

　　(8) "指示"指作出說明的人支付金錢的書面說明。 該說明可以被呈遞給任何人，包括作出說明的人，或者給一個人或者連帶的更多人或者二中擇一但非連續(xù)的人。付款委托書不是一條指示，除非受托付款人也被指示去付款。

　　(9) "Ordinary care" in the case of a person engaged in business means observance of reasonable commercial standards, prevailing in the area in which the person is located, with respect to the business in which the person is engaged. In the case of a bank that takes an instrument for processing for collection or payment by automated means, reasonable commercial standards do not require the bank to examine the instrument if the failure to examine does not violate the bank's prescribed procedures and the bank's procedures do not vary unreasonably from general banking usage not disapproved by this Article or Article 4.

　　(10) "Party" means a party to an instrument.

　　(11) "Principal obligor," with respect to an instrument, means the accommodated party or any other party to the instrument against whom a secondary obligor has recourse under this article.

　　(12) "Promise" means a written undertaking to pay money signed by the person undertaking to pay. An acknowledgment of an obligation by the obligor is not a promise unless the obligor also undertakes to pay the obligation.

　　(13) "Prove" with respect to a fact means to meet the burden of establishing the fact (Section 1-201(b)(8)).

　　(14) [reserved]

　　(15) "Remitter" means a person who purchases an instrument from its issuer if the instrument is payable to an identified person other than the purchaser.

　　(9) 在 一個人從事商務(wù)時的"通常的注意"指遵守關(guān)于其所從事的商務(wù)，在其所處地區(qū)占優(yōu)勢的合理的商業(yè)標準。在銀行取得票據(jù)以通過自動化方式處理收款或者付款的情 形，合理的商業(yè)標準不要求銀行核對票據(jù)，如果未核對票據(jù)不違反該銀行的規(guī)定程序，并且該銀行的規(guī)定沒有不合理地不同于本篇或第4篇不支持的一般銀行慣例。

　　(10) "當(dāng)事人" 指票據(jù)上的當(dāng)事人。

　　(11) "principal obligor,"(第一債務(wù)人) 關(guān)于一張票據(jù)，指融通人，或者任何其他票據(jù)當(dāng)事人，次債務(wù)人根據(jù)本篇對其享有追索權(quán)的當(dāng)事人。

　　(12) "承諾指是一項付款的書面保證，它由承擔(dān)付款義務(wù)的人簽署。 債務(wù)人的債務(wù)確認書不構(gòu)成承諾，除非該債務(wù)人也承擔(dān)履行債務(wù)的義務(wù)。

　　(13) 關(guān)于一項事實的"證明" 指滿足證明事實的負擔(dān) (§ 1-201(b)(8))。

　　(14) [reserved]

　　(15) "remitter匯款人指從出票人處購買票據(jù)的人，若該票據(jù)應(yīng)對除購買人之外的特定的人付款。

　　(16) "Remotely-created consumer item" means an item drawn on a consumer account, which is not created by the payor bank and does not bear a handwritten signature purporting to be the signature of the drawer.

　　(17) "Secondary obligor," with respect to an instrument, means (a) an indorser or an accommodation party, (b) a drawer having the obligation described in Section 3-414(d), or (c) any other party to the instrument that has recourse against another party to the instrument pursuant to Section 3-116(b).

　　(b) Other definitions applying to this Article and the sections in which they appear are:

　　(16) "遠程消費者項目指 an item drawn on a consumer account, which is not created by the payor bank and does not bear a handwritten 簽名 purporting to be the 簽名 of the 開票人.

　　(17) "次債務(wù)人"，在票據(jù)方面，指(a) an 背書人 or an accommodation party, (b)承擔(dān)§ 3-414(d)規(guī)定的義務(wù)的開票人，或者 (c) 依照§ 3-116(b)對其他票據(jù)當(dāng)事人具有追索權(quán)的任何其他票據(jù)當(dāng)事人。

　　(b) 適用于本篇和本節(jié)的其他定義是：

　　§ 3-104. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT. 票據(jù)流通票據(jù).

　　(a) Except as provided in subsections (c) and (d), "negotiable instrument" means an unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed amount of money, with or without interest or other charges described in the promise or order, if it:

　　(1) is payable to bearer or to order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder;

　　(2) is payable on demand or at a definite time; and

　　(3) does not state any other undertaking or instruction by the person promising or ordering payment to do any act in addition to the payment of money, but the promise or order may contain (i) an undertaking or power to give, maintain, or protect collateral to secure payment, (ii) an authorization or power to the holder to confess judgment or realize on or dispose of collateral, or (iii) a waiver of the benefit of any law intended for the advantage or protection of an obligor.

　　(b) "Instrument" means a negotiable instrument.

　　(c) An order that meets all of the requirements of subsection (a), except paragraph (1), and otherwise falls within the definition of "check" in subsection (f) is a negotiable instrument and a check.

　　(d) A promise or order other than a check is not an instrument if, at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder, it contains a conspicuous statement, however expressed, to the effect that the promise or order is not negotiable or is not an instrument governed by this Article.

　　(a) 除非 (c) 和 (d)款另有規(guī)定，"流通票據(jù)指支付確定金額的金錢的無條件的承諾或者指示，附加或者不附加利息或者其他費用，如果該票據(jù)：

　　(1) 對持票人應(yīng)付，或者在出票時指示或者第一次被持票人占有時;

　　(2) 是見票即付或者定期付款;并且

　　(3) 承諾或者指示付款的人除支付金錢之外，不規(guī)定任何其他的承諾或者指示做任何行為，但是該承諾或指示可以包含(i) 給予、維持、或者保護抵押品以保證付款的承諾或者權(quán)利， (ii) 給持票人承認判決或者變賣、處分抵押品的授權(quán)或者權(quán)利，或者 (iii) 任何法律規(guī)定的債務(wù)人利益或者保護的利益的放棄。

　　(b) "票據(jù)指流通票據(jù)。

　　(c) 滿足(a)款所有條件的指示，除 (1)段外，并且別的方式符合(f)款規(guī)定的匯票的定義范圍是流通票據(jù)和支票。

　　(d) 除支票外，一項承諾或者指示不構(gòu)成票據(jù)，如果在出票時或者其第一次由持票人占有時，其包含一條明顯的、但不是明示的陳述，該陳述的大意是該承諾或者指示不可流通或者不構(gòu)成本篇所調(diào)整的票據(jù)。

　　(e) An instrument is a "note" if it is a promise and is a "draft" if it is an order. If an instrument falls within the definition of both "note" and "draft," a person entitled to enforce the instrument may treat it as either.

　　(f) "Check" means (i) a draft, other than a documentary draft, payable on demand and drawn on a bank or (ii) a cashier's check or teller's check. An instrument may be a check even though it is described on its face by another term, such as "money order."

　　(g) "Cashier's check" means a draft with respect to which the drawer and drawee are the same bank or branches of the same bank.

　　(h) "Teller's check" means a draft drawn by a bank (i) on another bank, or (ii) payable at or through a bank.

　　(i) "Traveler's check" means an instrument that (i) is payable on demand, (ii) is drawn on or payable at or through a bank, (iii) is designated by the term "traveler's check" or by a substantially similar term, and (iv) requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the instrument.

　　(j) "Certificate of deposit" means an instrument containing an acknowledgment by a bank that a sum of money has been received by the bank and a promise by the bank to repay the sum of money. A certificate of deposit is a note of the bank.

　　(f) "支票指 (i) 匯票，除押匯匯票(documentary draft)之外，見票即付并在銀行提款或 (ii) 銀行本票或teller"s check。票據(jù)可以是支票，即使在其表明描述有其他用語，例如匯票("money order) 。

　　(g) "銀行本票指關(guān)于該匯票，開票人與付款人是同一銀行或者同一銀行的分支機構(gòu)。

　　(h) "teller"s check指由銀行提款的匯票(i) 在另一個銀行，或者 (ii) 在一個銀行應(yīng)付或通過一個銀行應(yīng)付的票據(jù)。

　　(i) " 旅行支票指這樣一張票據(jù) (i) 是見票即付(payable on demand), (ii) 在銀行領(lǐng)取、或在銀行付款或通過銀行付款， (iii) 通過 "旅行支票" 或其他實質(zhì)上類似的用語指明，及(iv) 作為一項付款條件，要求其印鑒樣本留存于票據(jù)上的人作出副署。

　　(j) "存款單指包含銀行出具的銀行收到一筆錢的確認書、并且銀行將歸還該筆錢的承諾的票據(jù)。

　　§ 3-105. ISSUE OF INSTRUMENT. 票據(jù).出票

　　(a) "Issue" means the first delivery of an instrument by the maker or drawer, whether to a holder or nonholder, for the purpose of giving rights on the instrument to any person.

　　(b) An unissued instrument, or an unissued incomplete instrument that is completed, is binding on the maker or drawer, but nonissuance is a defense. An instrument that is conditionally issued or is issued for a special purpose is binding on the maker or drawer, but failure of the condition or special purpose to be fulfilled is a defense.

　　(c) "Issuer" applies to issued and unissued instruments and means a maker or drawer of an instrument.

　　(a) "出票指制作人或開票人對票據(jù)的第一次交付，無論給持票人或非持票人，基于賦予票據(jù)上的權(quán)利給任何人的目的。

　　(b) 未發(fā)行的票據(jù)，或者被完成的未發(fā)行的不完全票據(jù)，對制作人或開票人具有約束力，但未發(fā)行是一項抗辯。附條件發(fā)行或者為特定目的發(fā)行的票據(jù)對制作人或開票人具有約束力，但條件的不成就或特定目的的實現(xiàn)是一項抗辯。

　　(c) "發(fā)行人"適用于已發(fā)行的票據(jù)和未發(fā)行的票據(jù)，指票據(jù)的制作人或開票人。

　　§ 3-106. UNCONDITIONAL PROMISE OR ORDER. 無條件的承諾或者指示.

　　(a) Except as provided in this section, for the purposes of Section 3-104(a), a promise or order is unconditional unless it states (i) an express condition to payment, (ii) that the promise or order is subject to or governed by another record, or (iii) that rights or obligations with respect to the promise or order are stated in another record. A reference to another record does not of itself make the promise or order conditional.

　　(b) A promise or order is not made conditional (i) by a reference to another record for a statement of rights with respect to collateral, prepayment, or acceleration, or (ii) because payment is limited to resort to a particular fund or source.

　　(c) If a promise or order requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the promise or order, the condition does not make the promise or order conditional for the purposes of Section 3-104(a). If the person whose specimen signature appears on an instrument fails to countersign the instrument, the failure to countersign is a defense to the obligation of the issuer, but the failure does not prevent a transferee of the instrument from becoming a holder of the instrument.

　　(d) If a promise or order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder contains a statement, required by applicable statutory or administrative law, to the effect that the rights of a holder or transferee are subject to claims or defenses that the issuer could assert against the original payee, the promise or order is not thereby made conditional for the purposes of Section 3-104(a); but if the promise or order is an instrument, there cannot be a holder in due course of the instrument.

　　(a) 除非本條另有規(guī)定，基于 § 3-104(a)的目的，承諾或者指示是無條件的，除非其陳述(i) 明示的付款條件，(ii) 該承諾或者指示從屬于或者受其他記錄調(diào)整，或(iii) 關(guān)于該承諾或指示的權(quán)利或者義務(wù)被陳述于其他記錄中。對其他記錄的參考說明本身不使該承諾或者指示附條件。

　　(b) 承 諾或者指示 is not made conditional (i) by a reference to another record for a statement of rights 關(guān)于 collateral, prepayment, or acceleration, or (ii) because payment is limited to resort to a particular fund or source.

　　(c) 作為付款的條件，若承諾或者指示要求其印鑒樣本留存于承諾或者指示上的人作出副署，該條件不使承諾或者指示為條件性的為 § 3-104(a)的目的。 若其印鑒樣本留存于票據(jù)上的人未能在票據(jù)上副署，不能副署是對發(fā)行人的債務(wù)的抗辯，但是該不副署不妨礙票據(jù)受讓人成為票據(jù)持票人。

　　(d) 若承諾或者指示在出票時，或者第一次由持票人占有時，包含一個陳述，可適用的法令或者行政法要求的，大意是發(fā)行人可以對原收款人主張的持票人或者受讓人的權(quán)利受主張或抗辯的影響，承諾或者指示 因此不被使得符合§ 3-104(a)的條件;但若承諾或者指示是一張票據(jù)，不可能有票據(jù)的適時持票人。

　　§ 3-107. INSTRUMENT PAYABLE IN FOREIGN MONEY. 應(yīng)外幣支付的票據(jù)

　　Unless the instrument otherwise provides, an instrument that states the amount payable in foreign money may be paid in the foreign money or in an equivalent amount in dollars calculated by using the current bank-offered spot rate at the place of payment for the purchase of dollars on the day on which the instrument is paid.

　　除非票據(jù)另有規(guī)定，規(guī)定應(yīng)付外幣數(shù)量的票據(jù)可以以外幣支付或者等價的美元支付，通過付款地的銀行提供的匯率、票據(jù)應(yīng)付日的美元銷售價的等價的美元。

　　§ 3-108. PAYABLE ON DEMAND OR AT DEFINITE TIME. 見票即付或定期付款

　　(a) A promise or order is "payable on demand" if it (i) states that it is payable on demand or at sight, or otherwise indicates that it is payable at the will of the holder, or (ii) does not state any time of payment.

　　(b) A promise or order is "payable at a definite time" if it is payable on elapse of a definite period of time after sight or acceptance or at a fixed date or dates or at a time or times readily ascertainable at the time the promise or order is issued, subject to rights of (i) prepayment, (ii) acceleration, (iii) extension at the option of the holder, or (iv) extension to a further definite time at the option of the maker or acceptor or automatically upon or after a specified act or event.

　　(c) If an instrument, payable at a fixed date, is also payable upon demand made before the fixed date, the instrument is payable on demand until the fixed date and, if demand for payment is not made before that date, becomes payable at a definite time on the fixed date.

　　(a) 承諾或者指示為"見票即付"，若其 (i) 規(guī)定其為見票即付，或者另外指出其按照持票人的一致應(yīng)付，或者 (ii) 不規(guī)定任何付款時間。

　　(b) 承 諾或者指示"定期付款" 若其在明確的一段時間經(jīng)過后應(yīng)付款，即在審閱或接受之后，或在一個固定的日期或期間、某時或某時期容易確定的承諾或者指示被發(fā)出時，下下列權(quán)利影響 (i) 預(yù)付款， (ii) 催告， (iii) 持有人選擇的延展，或

　　(c) 若票據(jù)，應(yīng)在確定的日期付款，也應(yīng)根據(jù)在該確定的日期以前作出的請求付款，該票據(jù)為見票即付，直到該確定的日期，以及，若付款請求未在該日期之前作出，付款要求不在該日期之前作出，在該固定的日期的確定的時間應(yīng)付款。

　　§ 3-109. PAYABLE TO BEARER OR TO ORDER. 持票人或指定人

　　(a) A promise or order is payable to bearer if it:

　　(1) states that it is payable to bearer or to the order of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in possession of the promise or order is entitled to payment;

　　(2) does not state a payee; or

　　(3) states that it is payable to or to the order of cash or otherwise indicates that it is not payable to an identified person.

　　(b) A promise or order that is not payable to bearer is payable to order if it is payable (i) to the order of an identified person or (ii) to an identified person or order. A promise or order that is payable to order is payable to the identified person.

　　(c) An instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if it is specially indorsed pursuant to Section 3-205(a). An instrument payable to an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is indorsed in blank pursuant to Section 3-205(b).

　　(a) 承諾或者指示可向持票人付款，若其：

　　(1) 表明應(yīng)對持票人付款或根據(jù)持票人的指示付款或以其他方式表明占用該承諾或指示的人有權(quán)主張付款;

　　(2) 不規(guī)定收款人;或

　　(3) 表明其應(yīng)付款或應(yīng)兌現(xiàn)的指示，或以其他方式表明其不應(yīng)對特定的人付款。

　　(b) 不對持票人付款的承諾或者指示，應(yīng)根據(jù)指示付款若其應(yīng)付款 (i)根據(jù)特定的人的指示或 (ii) 對特定的人或指示。根據(jù)指示付款的承諾或者指示是應(yīng)對特定的人付款。

　　(c) 應(yīng)對持票人付款的票據(jù)可以成為應(yīng)對特定的人付款，若被根據(jù)§ 3-205(a) 特別背書。應(yīng)對特定的人付款的票據(jù)可以成為應(yīng)對持票人付款， 若其被根據(jù) § 3-205(b)在空白處背書。

　　§ 3-110. IDENTIFICATION OF PERSON TO WHOM INSTRUMENT IS PAYABLE.

　　確認收款人身份

　　(a) The person to whom an instrument is initially payable is determined by the intent of the person, whether or not authorized, signing as, or in the name or behalf of, the issuer of the instrument. The instrument is payable to the person intended by the signer even if that person is identified in the instrument by a name or other identification that is not that of the intended person. If more than one person signs in the name or behalf of the issuer of an instrument and all the signers do not intend the same person as payee, the instrument is payable to any person intended by one or more of the signers.

　　(b) If the signature of the issuer of an instrument is made by automated means, such as a check-writing machine, the payee of the instrument is determined by the intent of the person who supplied the name or identification of the payee, whether or not authorized to do so.

　　(c) A person to whom an instrument is payable may be identified in any way, including by name, identifying number, office, or account number. For the purpose of determining the holder of an instrument, the following rules apply:

　　(1) If an instrument is payable to an account and the account is identified only by number, the instrument is payable to the person to whom the account is payable. If an instrument is payable to an account identified by number and by the name of a person, the instrument is payable to the named person, whether or not that person is the owner of the account identified by number.

　　(2) If an instrument is payable to:

　　(i) a trust, an estate, or a person described as trustee or representative of a trust or estate, the instrument is payable to the trustee, the representative, or a s統(tǒng)一商法典essor of either, whether or not the beneficiary or estate is also named;

　　(ii) a person described as agent or similar representative of a named or identified person, the instrument is payable to the represented person, the representative, or a s統(tǒng)一商法典essor of the representative;

　　(iii) a fund or organization that is not a legal entity, the instrument is payable to a representative of the members of the fund or organization; or

　　(iv) an office or to a person described as holding an office, the instrument is payable to the named person, the incumbent of the office, or a s統(tǒng)一商法典essor to the incumbent.

　　(d) If an instrument is payable to two or more persons alternatively, it is payable to any of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced by any or all of them in possession of the instrument. If an instrument is payable to two or more persons not alternatively, it is payable to all of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced only by all of them. If an instrument payable to two or more persons is ambiguous as to whether it is payable to the persons alternatively, the instrument is payable to the persons alternatively.

　　(a) 若超過一個人以票據(jù)的發(fā)行人的名義或代表其簽名簽收，而所有簽名人并不打算以相同的人為收款人，票據(jù)應(yīng)向簽名人之一或更多打算的任何人 付款。

　　(b) 若票據(jù)的發(fā)行人的簽名通過自動化的方式作出，例如核對筆跡機(check-writing machine)，票據(jù)的收款人根據(jù)提供收款人的名字或證明的人的目的決定，無論是否具有授權(quán)。

　　(c) 票據(jù)應(yīng)向其付款的人可以通過任何方式確定，包括通過名字、識別碼(identifying number)、辦事處或者賬號?；跊Q定票據(jù)持有人的目的，下列規(guī)則適用：

　　(1) 若一張票據(jù)應(yīng)付于某一賬號并且該賬號僅僅通過號碼確定，該票據(jù)應(yīng)付于賬號應(yīng)付的人。若票據(jù)應(yīng)付于通過號碼和人的名字確定的賬號，票據(jù)應(yīng)付于該指定的人，無論該人是否是通過號碼確定的帳戶的所有人。

　　(2) 若票據(jù)應(yīng)付予：

　　(i) 一個信托、不動產(chǎn)，或者規(guī)定為受托人或信托、不動產(chǎn)的代表的人，該票據(jù)應(yīng)付于該受托人、代表或其繼承人無論是否受益人或財產(chǎn)也被指定;

　　(ii) 規(guī)定為指定的或特定的人的代理人或類似的代表的人，該票據(jù)應(yīng)付于該指定的人、代表或代表的繼承人;

　　(iii) 一個不受法律實體的基金或組織，該票據(jù)應(yīng)付給該基金或組織的成員的代表;或

　　(iv) 一個辦事處或給一個規(guī)定的作為留守的人(holding an office)，該票據(jù)應(yīng)付予指定的人、負責(zé)辦事處的人或其接任者。

　　(d) 若 一張票據(jù)可向兩個或者兩個以上的人付款具有可選擇性，則可向其中任何人付款，并且可以轉(zhuǎn)讓、清償、或由占有該票據(jù)的其中的任何人或全部人要求履行。若一張 票據(jù)向兩個或者兩個以上的人付款不具有可選擇性，則其可以給他們中的所有人并且可以流轉(zhuǎn)、清償或僅僅可以由他們所有人要求履行。

　　§ 3-111. PLACE OF PAYMENT. 付款地

　　Except as otherwise provided for items in Article 4, an instrument is payable at the place of payment stated in the instrument. If no place of payment is stated, an instrument is payable at the address of the drawee or maker stated in the instrument. If no address is stated, the place of payment is the place of business of the drawee or maker. If a drawee or maker has more than one place of business, the place of payment is any place of business of the drawee or maker chosen by the person entitled to enforce the instrument. If the drawee or maker has no place of business, the place of payment is the residence of the drawee or maker.

　　除非第4篇有關(guān)條款另有規(guī)定，票據(jù)應(yīng)在其規(guī)定的付款地付款。若沒有規(guī)定付款地，票據(jù)應(yīng)在其規(guī)定的付款人或者制作人住所地付款。若未規(guī)定住所地，付款地為付款 人或制作人的營業(yè)地。若付款人或制作人有不止一個營業(yè)地，付款地是有權(quán)行使票據(jù)權(quán)利的人所選擇的付款人或制作人的任何營業(yè)地。若付款人或制作人沒有營業(yè) 地，付款地為付款人或制作人的住所地。

　　§ 3-112. INTEREST. 利息

　　(a) Unless otherwise provided in the instrument, (i) an instrument is not payable with interest, and (ii) interest on an interest-bearing instrument is payable from the date of the instrument.

　　(b) Interest may be stated in an instrument as a fixed or variable amount of money or it may be expressed as a fixed or variable rate or rates. The amount or rate of interest may be stated or described in the instrument in any manner and may require reference to information not contained in the instrument. If an instrument provides for interest, but the amount of interest payable cannot be ascertained from the description, interest is payable at the judgment rate in effect at the place of payment of the instrument and at the time interest first accrues.

　　(a) 除非票據(jù)另有規(guī)定，(i)票據(jù)付款不應(yīng)支付利息，并且 (ii) 附有利息的票據(jù)應(yīng)從出票日起支付利息。

　　(b) 票據(jù)可 以規(guī)定一筆固定的或可變的金錢為利息，利息或者可以規(guī)定為一個固定的或可變的利率。利息之?dāng)?shù)量或利率可以在票據(jù)中以任何行使規(guī)定，并且可以規(guī)定票據(jù)不包含 的參照信息。若票據(jù)規(guī)定利息，但應(yīng)付利息的數(shù)量不能按照記述確定，利息應(yīng)按付款地有效和利息首次產(chǎn)生時的判決利率支付。

　　§ 3-113. DATE OF INSTRUMENT. .票據(jù)期限

　　(a) An instrument may be antedated or postdated. The date stated determines the time of payment if the instrument is payable at a fixed period after date. Except as provided in Section 4-401(c), an instrument payable on demand is not payable before the date of the instrument.

　　(b) If an instrument is undated, its date is the date of its issue or, in the case of an unissued instrument, the date it first comes into possession of a holder.

　　(a) 票據(jù)可以提前或者延遲。規(guī)定的日前決定付款的時間，若票據(jù)在期后的固定期間應(yīng)付款。 除非§ 4-401(c)另有規(guī)定，見票即付的票據(jù)票據(jù)日期錢付款。

　　(b) 若票據(jù)未標日期，其日期為出票日;在票據(jù)未發(fā)行的情形，日期為第一手占有人占有的日期。

　　§ 3-114. CONTRADICTORY TERMS OF INSTRUMENT. 票據(jù).票據(jù)的沖突條款

　　If an instrument contains contradictory terms, typewritten terms prevail over printed terms, handwritten terms prevail over both, and words prevail over numbers.

　　若票據(jù)包含矛盾的條款，打印條款優(yōu)于印刷條款，手寫條款優(yōu)于前兩者，詞語優(yōu)先于數(shù)碼。

　　§ 3-115. INCOMPLETE INSTRUMENT. 不完整的票據(jù)

　　(a) "Incomplete instrument" means a signed writing, whether or not issued by the signer, the contents of which show at the time of signing that it is incomplete but that the signer intended it to be completed by the addition of words or numbers.

　　(b) Subject to subsection (c), if an incomplete instrument is an instrument under Section 3-104, it may be enforced according to its terms if it is not completed, or according to its terms as augmented by completion. If an incomplete instrument is not an instrument under Section 3-104, but, after completion, the requirements of Section 3-104 are met, the instrument may be enforced according to its terms as augmented by completion.

　　(c) If words or numbers are added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer, there is an alteration of the incomplete instrument under Section 3-407.

　　(d) The burden of establishing that words or numbers were added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer is on the person asserting the lack of authority.

　　(a) "不完整票據(jù)指簽署的書面文件，無論出票人是否簽發(fā)，其內(nèi)容表明，出票時其不完整，但出票人意圖通過填寫詞語或數(shù)碼使其完整。

　　(b) 取決于(c)款, 若不完整的票據(jù)是§ 3-104下的票據(jù)，該票據(jù)可以根據(jù)其條款執(zhí)行，若其未完整，或者根據(jù)使其完整而增加的條款而執(zhí)行。若不完整的票據(jù)不是§ 3-104下的票據(jù)，但，在完成之后，符合 § 3-104 的要求，票據(jù)可以根據(jù)使其完整而增加的條款而執(zhí)行。

　　(c) 若未經(jīng)出票人授權(quán)，填寫詞語或數(shù)碼到不完整的票據(jù)上，產(chǎn)生§ 3-407下的不完整的票據(jù)的變更。

　　(d) 填寫詞語或數(shù)碼到不完整的票據(jù)上是未經(jīng)出票人授權(quán)的證明責(zé)任由主張沒有授權(quán)的人負擔(dān)。

　　§ 3-116. JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY; CONTRIBUTION. 連帶責(zé)任

　　(a) Except as otherwise provided in the instrument, two or more persons who have the same liability on an instrument as makers, drawers, acceptors, indorsers who indorse as joint payees, or anomalous indorsers are jointly and severally liable in the capacity in which they sign.

　　(b) Except as provided in Section 3-419(e) or by agreement of the affected parties, a party having joint and several liability who pays the instrument is entitled to receive from any party having the same joint and several liability contribution in accordance with applicable law.

　　(a) 除非票據(jù)另有規(guī)定，兩個或者兩個以上的人與作為共同的收款人而在票據(jù)上背書的票據(jù)的制作人、開票人、承兌人、背書人，在票據(jù)上承擔(dān)相同的責(zé)任，或者反常背書人在其簽署的地位上承擔(dān)共同的或單獨的責(zé)任。

　　(b) 除非§ 3-419(e)另有規(guī)定，或者相關(guān)當(dāng)事人的協(xié)議另有約定，負有共同或單獨的付款責(zé)任的當(dāng)事人，有權(quán)根據(jù)可適用的法律，要求任何負有共同或單獨的付款責(zé)任的當(dāng)事人分擔(dān)付款。

　　§ 3-117. OTHER AGREEMENTS AFFECTING INSTRUMENT. 影響票據(jù)的其他協(xié)議

　　Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified, supplemented, or nullified by a separate agreement of the obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the agreement or as part of the same transaction giving rise to the agreement. To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented, or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a defense to the obligation.

　　取決于關(guān)于現(xiàn)時或以前的協(xié)議在證據(jù)之排除的可適用的法律，當(dāng)事人就票據(jù)付款的義務(wù)可以通過債務(wù)人于有權(quán)主張票據(jù)權(quán)利的人之間的單獨的協(xié)議變更、增加、撤銷， 若該票據(jù)發(fā)行，或者義務(wù)產(chǎn)生基于該協(xié)議或者作為產(chǎn)生該協(xié)議的同一交易之部分。在本條之協(xié)議變更、增加、撤銷義務(wù)的范圍內(nèi)，該協(xié)議是對債務(wù)之抗辯。

　　§ 3-118. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS. 法定時效

　　(a) Except as provided in subsection (e), an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay a note payable at a definite time must be commenced within six years after the due date or dates stated in the note or, if a due date is accelerated, within six years after the accelerated due date.

　　(b) Except as provided in subsection (d) or (e), if demand for payment is made to the maker of a note payable on demand, an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the note must be commenced within six years after the demand. If no demand for payment is made to the maker, an action to enforce the note is barred if neither principal nor interest on the note has been paid for a continuous period of 10 years.

　　(c) Except as provided in subsection (d), an action to enforce the obligation of a party to an unaccepted draft to pay the draft must be commenced within three years after dishonor of the draft or 10 years after the date of the draft, whichever period expires first.

　　(a) 除非(e)款另有規(guī)定，要求就定時付款票據(jù)負有付款義務(wù)的當(dāng)事人履行付款義務(wù)的訴訟，必須在付款日、票據(jù)載明日之后六年內(nèi)，或者，付款日提前的，在該提前的付款日之后六年內(nèi)提起。

　　(b) 除非(d) 或(e)另有規(guī)定，見票即付的票據(jù)，一經(jīng)提示付款，要求負有就票據(jù)付款義務(wù)的人履行義務(wù)的訴訟必須在提示后六年內(nèi)行使。若未向制作人提示付款，而在持續(xù)的10年期間內(nèi)，票據(jù)的本金及利息均未支付，則不得主張票據(jù)權(quán)利。

　　(c) 除非(d)款另有規(guī)定，要求對一未被承兌的票據(jù)負有付款義務(wù)的當(dāng)事人履行付款義務(wù)的訴訟，必須在該票據(jù)被拒付后3年內(nèi)或者出票日期后10年內(nèi)提起，無論哪一期間先期滿。

　　(d) 要求保付支票的承兌人、或者teller"s check, 銀行本票、或旅行支票的出票人履行義務(wù)的訴訟，必須在向承兌人或者出票人提示付款之后3年內(nèi)提起.

　　(d) An action to enforce the obligation of the acceptor of a certified check or the issuer of a teller's check, cashier's check, or traveler's check must be commenced within three years after demand for payment is made to the acceptor or issuer, as the case may be.

　　(e) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to a certificate of deposit to pay the instrument must be commenced within six years after demand for payment is made to the maker, but if the instrument states a due date and the maker is not required to pay before that date, the six-year period begins when a demand for payment is in effect and the due date has passed.

　　(f) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an accepted draft, other than a certified check, must be commenced (i) within six years after the due date or dates stated in the draft or acceptance if the obligation of the acceptor is payable at a definite time, or (ii) within six years after the date of the acceptance if the obligation of the acceptor is payable on demand.

　　(g) Unless governed by other law regarding claims for indemnity or contribution, an action (i) for conversion of an instrument, for money had and received, or like action based on conversion, (ii) for breach of warranty, or (iii) to enforce an obligation, duty, or right arising under this Article and not governed by this section must be commenced within three years after the [cause of action] accrues.

　　(e) 要求存款單的當(dāng)事人對票據(jù)付款的義務(wù)之訴訟必須在對出票人(maker)提示付款之后6年內(nèi)提起，但若票據(jù)指定一個期限，并且不要求出票人在此期限之前付款，該6年的期限開始于提示付款生效并且該期限經(jīng)過后。

　　(f) 要求對被接受的匯票，除保付支票外，付款的義務(wù)之訴必須提起(i) 在付款期限或匯票指定的期限或接受之后六年內(nèi)，若接受人的義務(wù)是定時付款，或 (ii) 在接受之后六年內(nèi)，若接受人的義務(wù)是見票即付.

　　(g) 除 非由任何其他關(guān)于賠償或補償請求權(quán)的法律調(diào)整，一個訴訟(i) 由于票據(jù)只轉(zhuǎn)換、具有及收到金錢、或類似的建立在轉(zhuǎn)換基礎(chǔ)上的訴訟， (ii) 由于違反擔(dān)保，或 (iii) 要求履行一項債務(wù)、義務(wù)或產(chǎn)生于本篇的并且不受本條調(diào)整的權(quán)利必須在訴訟原因發(fā)生后三年內(nèi)被提起。

　　§ 3-119. NOTICE OF RIGHT TO DEFEND ACTION. 訴訟權(quán)利的通知

　　In an action for breach of an obligation for which a third person is answerable over pursuant to this Article or Article 4, the defendant may give the third person notice of the litigation in a record, and the person notified may then give similar notice to any other person who is answerable over. If the notice states (i) that the person notified may come in and defend and (ii) that failure to do so will bind the person notified in an action later brought by the person giving the notice as to any determination of fact common to the two litigations, the person notified is so bound unless after seasonable receipt of the notice the person notified does come in and defend.

　　在一個義務(wù)違反之訴中，根據(jù)本篇或第4篇第三人應(yīng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任，被告可以記錄形式的起訴通知第三人，并且該被通知的人然后可以將任何類似的通知給應(yīng)負責(zé)人的任何 其他人。若該通知陳述(i) 被通知的人可以加入訴訟并且可以抗辯及(ii) 不能如此做，在以后由作出通知的人提起的訴訟中，在任何與該兩個訴訟共同的事實的決定方面，將約束被通知的人，被通知的人將由此受約束除非在及時的收到通 知之后其加入訴訟并抗辯。

　　PART 2. NEGOTIATION, TRANSFER, AND INDORSEMENT [Table of Contents]

　　流通、轉(zhuǎn)讓和背書

　　§ 3-201. NEGOTIATION. 流通

　　(a) "Negotiation" means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder.

　　(b) Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its indorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.

　　(a) "流通指無論是出于自愿還是非自愿，除發(fā)行人之外的人讓與對票據(jù)的占有給由此成為其占有人。

　　(b) 除匯款人的流轉(zhuǎn)外，若票據(jù)應(yīng)向特定的人付款，流通要求票據(jù)占有的讓與及其由持有人作出的背書。若票據(jù)應(yīng)向持票人付款，可以通過單獨轉(zhuǎn)讓占有而流通。

　　§ 3-202. NEGOTIATION SUBJECT TO RESCISSION. 受廢除影響的流通

　　(a) Negotiation is effective even if obtained (i) from an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or a person without capacity, (ii) by fraud, duress, or mistake, or (iii) in breach of duty or as part of an illegal transaction.

　　(b) To the extent permitted by other law, negotiation may be rescinded or may be subject to other remedies, but those remedies may not be asserted against a subsequent holder in due course or a person paying the instrument in good faith and without knowledge of facts that are a basis for rescission or other remedy.

　　(a) 流通有效，即使被獲得(i) 從一個幼兒、超越其權(quán)力的企業(yè)、或者無行為能力人，(ii) 通過欺詐、脅迫或錯誤，或 (iii) 違反義務(wù)或作為非法處理的部分。

　　(b) 在其他法律允許的范圍內(nèi)，流通可以被撤銷或者可以受其他救濟影響，但是那些救濟不得堅持違反后續(xù)的適當(dāng)占有人(holder in due course)、或善意地為票據(jù)付款并且不知道構(gòu)成撤銷或其他救濟的基礎(chǔ)的事實的人。

　　§ 3-203. TRANSFER OF INSTRUMENT; RIGHTS ACQUIRED BY TRANSFER.

　　票據(jù)之轉(zhuǎn)讓，受讓人的權(quán)利

　　(a) An instrument is transferred when it is delivered by a person other than its issuer for the purpose of giving to the person receiving delivery the right to enforce the instrument.

　　(b) Transfer of an instrument, whether or not the transfer is a negotiation, vests in the transferee any right of the transferor to enforce the instrument, including any right as a holder in due course, but the transferee cannot acquire rights of a holder in due course by a transfer, directly or indirectly, from a holder in due course if the transferee engaged in fraud or illegality affecting the instrument.

　　(c) Unless otherwise agreed, if an instrument is transferred for value and the transferee does not become a holder because of lack of indorsement by the transferor, the transferee has a specifically enforceable right to the unqualified indorsement of the transferor, but negotiation of the instrument does not occur until the indorsement is made.

　　(d) If a transferor purports to transfer less than the entire instrument, negotiation of the instrument does not occur. The transferee obtains no rights under this Article and has only the rights of a partial assignee.

　　a) 票據(jù)被轉(zhuǎn)讓當(dāng)其由除發(fā)行人之外的人交付，基于給予收到交付的人請求履行票據(jù)義務(wù)的權(quán)利的目的時。

　　(b) 票據(jù)的讓與，無論該讓與是否構(gòu)成流通，授予受讓人出讓人請求履行票據(jù)的任何權(quán)利，包括作為適當(dāng)占有人的任何權(quán)利，但若受讓人涉及影響票據(jù)的欺詐或非法行為，受讓人不能通過轉(zhuǎn)讓，直接或間接從適當(dāng)占有人獲得適當(dāng)占有人的權(quán)利。

　　(c) 除非另有約定，若票據(jù)有償轉(zhuǎn)讓，而由于缺乏讓與人的背書，受讓人不成為持有人，則受讓人具有特別要求讓與人的不合格的背書的權(quán)利，但票據(jù)的流通不發(fā)生直到背書被作出。

　　(d) 若讓與人聲稱決不轉(zhuǎn)讓完整的票據(jù)，票據(jù)的流通不發(fā)生。受讓人不能獲得本篇規(guī)定的權(quán)利并僅具有部分受讓人的權(quán)利。

　　§ 3-204. INDORSEMENT. 背書.

　　(a) "Indorsement" means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer, or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of (i) negotiating the instrument, (ii) restricting payment of the instrument, or (iii) incurring indorser's liability on the instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words is an indorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than indorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument.

　　(b) "Indorser" means a person who makes an indorsement.

　　(c) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an indorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified indorsement of the instrument.

　　(d) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, indorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder's name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.

　　(a) "背書指簽名，除作為出票人(maker)、開票人、或接受人的簽名人外，單獨或伴有其他用語作出在票據(jù)上基于下述目的 (i)票據(jù)的流通、(ii) 限制票據(jù)的付款，或 (iii) i引起背書人票據(jù)上的義務(wù)，但不管簽名的目的，簽名及其伴隨用語是一個背書除非伴隨用語、票據(jù)條款、簽名地點、或其他具體情況明確表明該簽名是為了背書之外的目的作出?；跊Q定一個簽名是否被作出在票據(jù)上之目的，附于票據(jù)上的紙是票據(jù)的一部分。

　　(b) "背書人指作出一個背書的人。

　　(c) 基于確定票據(jù)的受讓人是否是持有人的目的，轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)上的擔(dān)保權(quán)益的背書作為票據(jù)的不合格的背書是有效的。

　　(d) 若票據(jù)應(yīng)付款予一個持有人，而票據(jù)上的名字不是該持有人的名字，背書可以由持有人以票據(jù)載明的名字作出或者以持有人的名義或兩者的名義，但以兩者名字的簽名可以被要求由為票據(jù)付款或有償取得票據(jù)或收款獲得票據(jù)的人的要求作出。

　　§ 3-205. SPECIAL INDORSEMENT; BLANK INDORSEMENT; ANOMALOUS INDORSEMENT. 特別背書、空白背書、反常背書

　　(a) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument, whether payable to an identified person or payable to bearer, and the indorsement identifies a person to whom it makes the instrument payable, it is a "special indorsement." When specially indorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the indorsement of that person. The principles stated in Section 3-110 apply to special indorsements.

　　(b) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument and it is not a special indorsement, it is a "blank indorsement." When indorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially indorsed.

　　(c) The holder may convert a blank indorsement that consists only of a signature into a special indorsement by writing, above the signature of the indorser, words identifying the person to whom the instrument is made payable.

　　(d) "Anomalous indorsement" means an indorsement made by a person who is not the holder of the instrument. An anomalous indorsement does not affect the manner in which the instrument may be negotiated.

　　(a) 若票據(jù)的持有人作出一項背書，是應(yīng)向特定的人付款還是應(yīng)向持票人付款，并且背書特定一個人對于他其使該票據(jù)應(yīng)向他付款，則其為 "特別背書。" 當(dāng)特別地背書時，票據(jù)成為應(yīng)向特定的人付款并且可以被流通僅僅按照該人的背書 。§ 3-110 規(guī)定的原則適用于特別背書。(b) 若一個背書由票據(jù)的持有人作出，并且其不是特別背書，則其為 "空白背書。" 當(dāng)在空白處背書時，票據(jù)成為應(yīng)向持票人付款，并在特別背書之前可以通過占有的單獨讓與流通。

　　(c) 持有人可以轉(zhuǎn)化一張僅由簽名組成的空白背書為特別背書，在背書人的簽名上通過書面的用語特定票據(jù)應(yīng)向其付款的人。

　　(d) "反常背書指非有票據(jù)持有人作出的背書。反常背書不影響票據(jù)可以被流通的方式。

　　§ 3-206. RESTRICTIVE INDORSEMENT. 限制性背書

　　(a) An indorsement limiting payment to a particular person or otherwise prohibiting further transfer or negotiation of the instrument is not effective to prevent further transfer or negotiation of the instrument.

　　(b) An indorsement stating a condition to the right of the indorsee to receive payment does not affect the right of the indorsee to enforce the instrument. A person paying the instrument or taking it for value or collection may disregard the condition, and the rights and liabilities of that person are not affected by whether the condition has been fulfilled.

　　(c) If an instrument bears an indorsement (i) described in Section 4-201(b), or (ii) in blank or to a particular bank using the words "for deposit," "for collection," or other words indicating a purpose of having the instrument collected by a bank for the indorser or for a particular account, the following rules apply:

　　(1) A person, other than a bank, who purchases the instrument when so indorsed converts the instrument unless the amount paid for the instrument is received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.

　　(2) A depositary bank that purchases the instrument or takes it for collection when so indorsed converts the instrument unless the amount paid by the bank with respect to the instrument is received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.

　　(3) A payor bank that is also the depositary bank or that takes the instrument for immediate payment over the counter from a person other than a collecting bank converts the instrument unless the proceeds of the instrument are received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.

　　(4) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3), a payor bank or intermediary bank may disregard the indorsement and is not liable if the proceeds of the instrument are not received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.

　　(a) 限制向特定的人付款的背書，或者以其他方式禁止票據(jù)進一步的轉(zhuǎn)讓或流通的背書，不具有效力以阻止票據(jù)進一步的轉(zhuǎn)讓或流通。

　　(b) 規(guī)定被背書人收款權(quán)的條件的背書不影響被背書人要求執(zhí)行票據(jù)的權(quán)利。對票據(jù)付款或有償取得票據(jù)或收款的人可以漠視該條件，并且此人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)不受該條件是否被滿足影響。

　　(c) 若票據(jù)具有下列背書 (i)§ 4-201(b)規(guī)定的背書，或 (ii) 空白背書，或?qū)μ囟ǖ你y行使用這樣的用語質(zhì)押、托收或其他用語表明這樣一個目的的用語，讓該票據(jù)通過一個銀行、為背書人或為特定的帳戶收款，下列規(guī)則適用：

　　(1) 除銀行外，購買票據(jù)的人作出上述背書時，侵占(converts)該票據(jù)，除非背書人收到關(guān)于票據(jù)支付的金額或者與背書一致地適用。

　　(2) 購買票據(jù)的、或由于托收取得票據(jù)的受托行作出上述背書時，侵占(converts)該票據(jù)，除非背書人收到銀行關(guān)于票據(jù)支付的金額或者與背書一致地適用。

　　(3) 亦為受托行(depositary bank)的付款行，或者由于在柜臺上即使支付而從除代收銀行(collecting bank)外的人處取得票據(jù)的付款行，兌換(converts)該票據(jù)，除非背書人收到票據(jù)的收益，或者與背書一致地適用。

　　(4) 除非(3)款另有規(guī)定，付款行或中間銀行可以漠視該背書，并且不承擔(dān)責(zé)任，若背書人沒有收到票據(jù)的收益，或者與背書一致地適用。

　　(d) Except for an indorsement covered by subsection (c), if an instrument bears an indorsement using words to the effect that payment is to be made to the indorsee as agent, trustee, or other fiduciary for the benefit of the indorser or another person, the following rules apply:

　　(1) Unless there is notice of breach of fiduciary duty as provided in Section 3-307, a person who purchases the instrument from the indorsee or takes the instrument from the indorsee for collection or payment may pay the proceeds of payment or the value given for the instrument to the indorsee without regard to whether the indorsee violates a fiduciary duty to the indorser.

　　(2) A subsequent transferee of the instrument or person who pays the instrument is neither given notice nor otherwise affected by the restriction in the indorsement unless the transferee or payor knows that the fiduciary dealt with the instrument or its proceeds in breach of fiduciary duty.

　　(e) The presence on an instrument of an indorsement to which this section applies does not prevent a purchaser of the instrument from becoming a holder in due course of the instrument unless the purchaser is a converter under subsection (c) or has notice or knowledge of breach of fiduciary duty as stated in subsection (d).

　　(f) In an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument, the obligor has a defense if payment would violate an indorsement to which this section applies and the payment is not permitted by this section.

　　(d) 除(c)款包含的背書以外，若票據(jù)具有使用下述用語的背書，大意是應(yīng)付款給作為代理人、受托人、或其他受托人的被背書人，該受托人為背書人或其他人的利益的，下列規(guī)則適用：

　　(1) 除非有違反§ 3-307規(guī)定的信托義務(wù)的通知，從被背書人處購買票據(jù)的人，或者由于收款或者付款而從被背書人處取得票據(jù)的人可以支付付款的收益或票據(jù)的對價給被背書人，而不考慮被背書人是否違反了對背書人的信托義務(wù)。

　　(2) 票據(jù)的后續(xù)受讓人或者對票據(jù)付款的人既不被通知也不另外地受限制背書的影響，除非受讓人或付款人知道受托人處理該票據(jù)或其收益違反信托義務(wù)。

　　(e) 本條適用的背書的票據(jù)上的人不阻止票據(jù)的購買人成為票據(jù)的適當(dāng)持有人，除非該購買人是(c)款下的轉(zhuǎn)換人(converter)，或者接到通知或知道(d)款規(guī)定的信托義務(wù)的違反。

　　(f) 在一個要求票據(jù)的當(dāng)事人履行票據(jù)的付款義務(wù)的訴訟中，若付款將違反本條適用的背書，并且不被本條允許，債務(wù)人將可抗辯。

　　§ 3-207. REACQUISITION. 重新獲得

　　Reacquisition of an instrument occurs if it is transferred to a former holder, by negotiation or otherwise. A former holder who reacquires the instrument may cancel indorsements made after the reacquirer first became a holder of the instrument. If the cancellation causes the instrument to be payable to the reacquirer or to bearer, the reacquirer may negotiate the instrument. An indorser whose indorsement is canceled is discharged, and the discharge is effective against any subsequent holder.

　　票據(jù)的重新獲得發(fā)生，若通過流通或其他方式，票據(jù)被轉(zhuǎn)讓給以前的持有人。重新獲得的票據(jù)以前的持有人可以取消在重新獲得人第一次成為票據(jù)持有人之后作出的背 書。 若取消引起票據(jù)應(yīng)對重新獲得人付款或?qū)Τ制比烁犊?，該重新獲得人可以流轉(zhuǎn)該票據(jù)。其背書被取消的背書人被解除債務(wù)，并且該解除對于任何后續(xù)持有人 有效。

　　PART 3. ENFORCEMENT OF INSTRUMENTS [Table of Contents] 票據(jù)的執(zhí)行

　　§ 3-301. PERSON ENTITLED TO ENFORCE INSTRUMENT. 有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人

　　"Person entitled to enforce" an instrument means (i) the holder of the instrument, (ii) a nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder, or (iii) a person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to Section 3-309 or 3-418(d). A person may be a person entitled to enforce the instrument even though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.

　　"有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人" 指 (i) 票據(jù)的持有人， (ii)享有持有人權(quán)利的占有票據(jù)的非持有人，或 (iii)有權(quán)依照§ 3-309或3-418(d) 執(zhí)行票據(jù)的沒有占有票據(jù)的人。一個人可以是即使此人不是票據(jù)的所有人或票據(jù)的非正當(dāng)占有人，仍然有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人。

　　§ 3-302. HOLDER IN DUE COURSE. .正當(dāng)持票人

　　(a) Subject to subsection (c) and Section 3-106(d), "holder in due course" means the holder of an instrument if:

　　(1) the instrument when issued or negotiated to the holder does not bear such apparent evidence of forgery or alteration or is not otherwise so irregular or incomplete as to call into question its authenticity; and

　　(2) the holder took the instrument (i) for value, (ii) in good faith, (iii) without notice that the instrument is overdue or has been dishonored or that there is an uncured default with respect to payment of another instrument issued as part of the same series, (iv) without notice that the instrument contains an unauthorized signature or has been altered, (v) without notice of any claim to the instrument described in Section 3-306, and (vi) without notice that any party has a defense or claim in recoupment described in Section 3-305(a).

　　(b) Notice of discharge of a party, other than discharge in an insolvency proceeding, is not notice of a defense under subsection (a), but discharge is effective against a person who became a holder in due course with notice of the discharge. Public filing or recording of a document does not of itself constitute notice of a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument.

　　(a) 受 (c) 款及§ 3-106(d)影響，正當(dāng)持票人指票據(jù)的持有人，如果：

　　(1) 票據(jù)當(dāng)發(fā)行或者流轉(zhuǎn)到持有人時不具有偽造或者改變或者不是另外地不正常或不完整的明顯的證據(jù)，引起對其真實性的質(zhì)疑;及

　　(2) 持有人取得票據(jù) (i) 有償?shù)兀?ii) 善意地，(iii) 沒有通知該票據(jù)已超期或已經(jīng)被拒付，或關(guān)于另一張作為相同系列的部分發(fā)行的票據(jù)的付款有一個未補正瑕疵，(iv) 沒有通知票據(jù)包含一個未授權(quán)的簽名或票據(jù)已經(jīng)被改變，(v) 沒有通知對票據(jù)的規(guī)定在§ 3-306的任何主張，及 (vi) 沒有通知任何當(dāng)事人享有規(guī)定在§ 3-305(a)中的賠償抗辯或主張

　　(b) 除破產(chǎn)程序中的清償外，一方當(dāng)事人的清償通知不是(a)款下的抗辯的通知，但是清償具有效力對于得到清償通知的成為正當(dāng)持有人的人。公開的文件或檔案記錄本身不構(gòu)成抗辯通知、賠償主張、或?qū)ζ睋?jù)的主張。

　　(c) Except to the extent a transferor or predecessor in interest has rights as a holder in due course, a person does not acquire rights of a holder in due course of an instrument taken (i) by legal process or by purchase in an execution, bankruptcy, or creditor's sale or similar proceeding, (ii) by purchase as part of a bulk transaction not in ordinary course of business of the transferor, or (iii) as the sessor in interest to an estate or other organization.

　　(d) If, under Section 3-303(a)(1), the promise of performance that is the consideration for an instrument has been partially performed, the holder may assert rights as a holder in due course of the instrument only to the fraction of the amount payable under the instrument equal to the value of the partial performance divided by the value of the promised performance.

　　(e) If (i) the person entitled to enforce an instrument has only a security interest in the instrument and (ii) the person obliged to pay the instrument has a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument that may be asserted against the person who granted the security interest, the person entitled to enforce the instrument may assert rights as a holder in due course only to an amount payable under the instrument which, at the time of enforcement of the instrument, does not exceed the amount of the unpaid obligation secured.

　　(f) To be effective, notice must be received at a time and in a manner that gives a reasonable opportunity to act on it.

　　(g) This section is subject to any law limiting status as a holder in due course in particular classes of transactions.

　　(c) 除在讓與人或者權(quán)益的前任享有作為正當(dāng)持票人的權(quán)利范圍內(nèi)之外，一個人不獲得票據(jù)的正當(dāng)持票人的權(quán)利，該權(quán)利取得(i) 通過法令程序或者通過在實行、破產(chǎn)或債權(quán)人的銷售或類似程序中購買，(ii) 通過作為不在讓與人的通常商務(wù)交易過程中的大宗交易的部分的購買，或(iii) 作為不動產(chǎn)權(quán)益的繼承者或其他組織。

　　(d) 在§ 3-303(a)(1)下，如果票據(jù)的對價的履行的保證已經(jīng)被部分履行，持票人可以主張作為票據(jù)的正當(dāng)持票人的權(quán)利僅僅對票據(jù)在票據(jù)下應(yīng)付金額等于部分由保證的履行的價值分割的部分履行的價值的部分。

　　(e) 若(i)有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人僅僅有一個擔(dān)保物權(quán)在票據(jù)上并且(ii)有義務(wù)對票據(jù)付款的人有一個抗辯、賠償主張或?qū)ζ睋?jù)的可以被向被賦予擔(dān)保物權(quán)的人主張的主張 ，該有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人可以主張作為正當(dāng)持票人的權(quán)利僅僅對于這樣一個可付金額，即在票據(jù)執(zhí)行時，不超過被擔(dān)保的未付債務(wù)的金額,。

　　(f) 成其為有效，通知必須被收到在一次并且在一個方式，該方式須能給一個合理的機會按其行動。

　　(g) 本條受任何限制作為正當(dāng)持票人在特定的類型的交易中的身份的法律影響。

　　§ 3-303. VALUE AND CONSIDERATION. 價值和對價

　　(a) An instrument is issued or transferred for value if:

　　(1) the instrument is issued or transferred for a promise of performance, to the extent the promise has been performed;

　　(2) the transferee acquires a security interest or other lien in the instrument other than a lien obtained by judicial proceeding;

　　(3) the instrument is issued or transferred as payment of, or as security for, an antecedent claim against any person, whether or not the claim is due;

　　(4) the instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for a negotiable instrument; or

　　(5) the instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for the incurring of an irrevocable obligation to a third party by the person taking the instrument.

　　(b) "Consideration" means any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. The drawer or maker of an instrument has a defense if the instrument is issued without consideration. If an instrument is issued for a promise of performance, the issuer has a defense to the extent performance of the promise is due and the promise has not been performed. If an instrument is issued for value as stated in subsection (a), the instrument is also issued for consideration.

　　(a) 票據(jù)被發(fā)行或有償轉(zhuǎn)讓如果：

　　(1) 由于一個履行承諾，該票據(jù)被發(fā)行或轉(zhuǎn)讓，在該承諾已經(jīng)履行的范圍內(nèi);

　　(2) 受讓人獲得擔(dān)保物權(quán)或其他票據(jù)上的除通過司法程序獲得的留置權(quán)之外的留置權(quán);

　　(3) 票據(jù)被發(fā)行或轉(zhuǎn)讓，以作為一個先行的對任何人的主張的付款或作為其擔(dān)保，無論該主張是否應(yīng)當(dāng); (4) 票據(jù)被發(fā)行或轉(zhuǎn)讓，交換一張流通票據(jù);或

　　(5) 票據(jù)被發(fā)行或轉(zhuǎn)讓，交換取得票據(jù)的人對第三人的不可撤銷的義務(wù)的發(fā)生。

　　(b) "對價指足以支持一項簡易合同的任何對價。票據(jù)的開票人或制作人享有一項抗辯，若該票據(jù)沒有對價基礎(chǔ)而發(fā)行。若票據(jù)由于履行的承諾而發(fā)行，發(fā)行人在承諾的履行的范圍內(nèi)、承諾的履行是應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)牟⑶以摮兄Z尚未被履行范圍內(nèi)享有一項抗辯。若票據(jù)如 (a)規(guī)定的有償發(fā)行，該票據(jù)也由于對價而發(fā)行。

　　§ 3-304. OVERDUE INSTRUMENT. 過期票據(jù)

　　(a) An instrument payable on demand becomes overdue at the earliest of the following times:

　　(1) on the day after the day demand for payment is duly made;

　　(2) if the instrument is a check, 90 days after its date; or

　　(3) if the instrument is not a check, when the instrument has been outstanding for a period of time after its date which is unreasonably long under the circumstances of the particular case in light of the nature of the instrument and usage of the trade.

　　(a) 在下列時間的最早時起，見票即付的票據(jù)成為超期：

　　(1) 付款要求被適時作出日的次日;

　　(2) 若票據(jù)是支票，在其日期后90日;或

　　(3) 若票據(jù)不是支票，當(dāng)該票據(jù)已經(jīng)是已發(fā)行了的時，根據(jù)票據(jù)的性質(zhì)及貿(mào)易用途，在特定案子的情形下，在不合理長的日期之后的一段時間

　　(b) With respect to an instrument payable at a definite time the following rules apply:

　　(1) If the principal is payable in installments and a due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue upon default under the instrument for nonpayment of an installment, and the instrument remains overdue until the default is cured.

　　(2) If the principal is not payable in installments and the due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the due date.

　　(3) If a due date with respect to principal has been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the accelerated due date.

　　(c) Unless the due date of principal has been accelerated, an instrument does not become overdue if there is default in payment of interest but no default in payment of principal.

　　(b) 關(guān)于指日付款的票據(jù)，下列規(guī)則適用：

　　(1) 若本金應(yīng)分期支付并且到期日沒有提前，由于分期款的一期未付，該票據(jù)成為超期，票據(jù)保持其超期性直到該不履行被補救。

　　(2) 若本金不應(yīng)分期支付并且到期日沒有提前，票據(jù)在到期日之后的次日成為超期。

　　(3) 若關(guān)于本金的到期日提前，票據(jù)在提前的到期日之后的次日成為超期。

　　(c) 除非本金的到期日提前，若不履行利息的付款但沒有不履行本金的付款，票據(jù)不成為超期。

　　§ 3-305. DEFENSES AND CLAIMS IN RECOUPMENT. 賠償抗辯和主張

　　(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the right to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an instrument is subject to the following:

　　(1) a defense of the obligor based on (i) infancy of the obligor to the extent it is a defense to a simple contract, (ii) duress, lack of legal capacity, or illegality of the transaction which, under other law, nullifies the obligation of the obligor, (iii) fraud that induced the obligor to sign the instrument with neither knowledge nor reasonable opportunity to learn of its character or its essential terms, or (iv) discharge of the obligor in insolvency proceedings;

　　(2) a defense of the obligor stated in another section of this Article or a defense of the obligor that would be available if the person entitled to enforce the instrument were enforcing a right to payment under a simple contract; and

　　(3) a claim in recoupment of the obligor against the original payee of the instrument if the claim arose from the transaction that gave rise to the instrument; but the claim of the obligor may be asserted against a transferee of the instrument only to reduce the amount owing on the instrument at the time the action is brought.

　　(b) The right of a holder in due course to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument is subject to defenses of the obligor stated in subsection (a)(1), but is not subject to defenses of the obligor stated in subsection (a)(2) or claims in recoupment stated in subsection (a)(3) against a person other than the holder.

　　(a) 除非本條另有規(guī)定，要求票據(jù)的當(dāng)事人履行對票據(jù)付款的義務(wù)的權(quán)利受下列影響：

　　(1) 債務(wù)人的抗辯以下列為基礎(chǔ)(i) 債務(wù)人的幼年在其范圍內(nèi)是對簡易合同的抗辯，(ii) 脅迫、無法律能力、或者交易違法，根據(jù)其他法律，使債務(wù)人的義務(wù)無效， (iii) 欺詐，該欺詐導(dǎo)致債務(wù)人在既不知道也沒有合理的機會去知道其性質(zhì)或其必要條款的情況下，簽署票據(jù)，或者(iv) 債務(wù)人在破產(chǎn)程序中的清償;

　　(2) 債務(wù)人規(guī)定在本篇其他條款中的抗辯，或，若有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人正行使一項在一個簡易合同下的對付款的權(quán)利，債務(wù)人將可獲得的抗辯;及

　　(3) 債務(wù)人對票據(jù)的原收款人的索賠權(quán)，若該索賠權(quán)產(chǎn)生于引起票據(jù)的交易;但債務(wù)人的權(quán)利可以向票據(jù)的受讓人主張僅限于減少在訴訟提起時票據(jù)未付金額.

　　(b) 正當(dāng)持票人要求當(dāng)事人履行付款義務(wù)的權(quán)利受(a)(1)規(guī)定的債務(wù)人的抗辯的影響，但不受(a)(2) 規(guī)定的債務(wù)人的抗辯的影響，或者(a)(3)規(guī)定的對于除持票人之外的人的索賠權(quán)的影響。

　　(c) Except as stated in subsection (d), in an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument, the obligor may not assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument (Section 3-306) of another person, but the other person's claim to the instrument may be asserted by the obligor if the other person is joined in the action and personally asserts the claim against the person entitled to enforce the instrument. An obligor is not obliged to pay the instrument if the person seeking enforcement of the instrument does not have rights of a holder in due course and the obligor proves that the instrument is a lost or stolen instrument.

　　(d) In an action to enforce the obligation of an accommodation party to pay an instrument, the accommodation party may assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument any defense or claim in recoupment under subsection (a) that the accommodated party could assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument, except the defenses of discharge in insolvency proceedings, infancy, and lack of legal capacity.

　　(e) In a consumer transaction, if law other than this article requires that an instrument include a statement to the effect that the rights of a holder or transferee are subject to a claim or defense that the issuer could assert against the original payee, and the instrument does not include such a statement: (1) the instrument has the same effect as if the instrument included such a statement; (2) the issuer may assert against the holder or transferee all claims and defenses that would have been available if the instrument included such a statement; and (3) the extent to which claims may be asserted against the holder or transferee is determined as if the instrument included such a statement.

　　(f) This section is subject to law other than this article that establishes a different rule for consumer transactions.

　　(c) 除非(d)款規(guī)定外，要求當(dāng)事人為票據(jù)履行付款義務(wù)之訴訟中，債務(wù)人不得主張對于有權(quán)要求執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人的抗辯、索賠權(quán)、或其他人的票據(jù) (§ 3-306) 的主張，但其他人對票據(jù)的主張可以被債務(wù)人主張，若其他人加入訴訟并且親自主張對于有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人的權(quán)利。債務(wù)人不必對票據(jù)付款，若尋求執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人沒有正當(dāng)持票人的權(quán)利并且債務(wù)人證明該票據(jù)不是遺失物、盜竊物。(d) 在要求執(zhí)行accommodation party 履行票據(jù)付款義務(wù)之訴中， accommodation party 可以對有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人主張任何抗辯或索賠權(quán)，只要根據(jù)(a)款accommodated party 可以向有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人主張，除在破產(chǎn)程序中的清償、無行為能力、缺乏法律能力等抗辯外。

　　(e) 在消費租賃中，若除本篇之外的法律要求票據(jù)包括一個陳述，大意是持票人或受讓人的權(quán)利受出票人可以向原收款人主張的權(quán)利或抗辯影響，并且該票據(jù)不包括這樣 一個陳述：(1)票據(jù)具有與若該票據(jù)包括這樣一項陳述相同的效力; (2) 發(fā)行人可以向持票人或受讓人主張，若票據(jù)包括這樣一個陳述，將已經(jīng)是可獲得的所有權(quán)利和抗辯;及 (3) 若該票據(jù)包括這樣一項陳述，可以向持票人或受讓人主張的權(quán)利的范圍如此決定。

　　(f) 本條受除本篇之外的為消費交易確立不同的規(guī)則的法律影響。

　　§ 3-306. CLAIMS TO AN INSTRUMENT. 票據(jù)追索權(quán)

　　A person taking an instrument, other than a person having rights of a holder in due course, is subject to a claim of a property or possessory right in the instrument or its proceeds, including a claim to rescind a negotiation and to recover the instrument or its proceeds. A person having rights of a holder in due course takes free of the claim to the instrument.

　　除享有正當(dāng)持票人權(quán)利的人之外，取得一張票據(jù)的人，受對票據(jù)的財產(chǎn)權(quán)或所有權(quán)或票據(jù)收益的影響，包括一項撤銷一項流轉(zhuǎn)及去追回票據(jù)或其收益的主張影響。享有正當(dāng)持票人的權(quán)利的人不受對票據(jù)的主張的限制。

　　§ 3-307. NOTICE OF BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY. 違反受托義務(wù)的通知

　　(a) In this section: 本條中：

　　(1) "Fiduciary" means an agent, trustee, partner, corporate officer or director, or other representative owing a fiduciary duty with respect to an instrument.

　　(2) "Represented person" means the principal, beneficiary, partnership, corporation, or other person to whom the duty stated in paragraph (1) is owed.

　　(b) If (i) an instrument is taken from a fiduciary for payment or collection or for value, (ii) the taker has knowledge of the fiduciary status of the fiduciary, and (iii) the represented person makes a claim to the instrument or its proceeds on the basis that the transaction of the fiduciary is a breach of fiduciary duty, the following rules apply:

　　(1) Notice of breach of fiduciary duty by the fiduciary is notice of the claim of the represented person.

　　(2) In the case of an instrument payable to the represented person or the fiduciary as such, the taker has notice of the breach of fiduciary duty if the instrument is (i) taken in payment of or as security for a debt known by the taker to be the personal debt of the fiduciary, (ii) taken in a transaction known by the taker to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary, or (iii) deposited to an account other than an account of the fiduciary, as such, or an account of the represented person.

　　(1) "受托人指一個代理人、托管人、法人職員或董事、或其他關(guān)于一張票據(jù)應(yīng)付受托義務(wù)的代表。

　　(2) "被代表的人指本人、合伙、法人、或其他人，即應(yīng)向其盡(1)段規(guī)定的義務(wù)的人。

　　(b) 若(i) 一張票據(jù)為付款或收款或?qū)r的目的被從受托人處取得， (ii) 取得人知道受托人的受托身份，及(iii)被代表的人作出對票據(jù)或其收益的主張，以受托交易違反受托義務(wù)為依據(jù)，下列規(guī)則適用：

　　(1) 受托人違反受托義務(wù)的通知是被代表的人的主張的通知。

　　(2) 在 票據(jù)應(yīng)向被代表的人或受托人付款同樣的情形，取得人有違反受托義務(wù)的通知，若票據(jù)是(i) 作為付款或者作為取得人知道是為受托人的個人債務(wù)的抵押品而取得， (ii)在一個取得人知道是為受托人個人利益的交易中取得，或 (iii) 質(zhì)押到除受托人的帳戶之外的一個帳戶，同樣地，或者一個被代表人的帳戶。

　　(3) If an instrument is issued by the represented person or the fiduciary as such, and made payable to the fiduciary personally, the taker does not have notice of the breach of fiduciary duty unless the taker knows of the breach of fiduciary duty.

　　(4) If an instrument is issued by the represented person or the fiduciary as such, to the taker as payee, the taker has notice of the breach of fiduciary duty if the instrument is (i) taken in payment of or as security for a debt known by the taker to be the personal debt of the fiduciary, (ii) taken in a transaction known by the taker to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary, or (iii) deposited to an account other than an account of the fiduciary, as such, or an account of the represented person.

　　(3) 若票據(jù)被發(fā)行由被代表人或受托人，同樣地，并且應(yīng)向受托人個人付款，取得人沒有違反受托義務(wù)的通知除非取得人知道受托義務(wù)的違反。

　　(4) 若 票據(jù)由被代表人或受托人，同樣地，發(fā)行給作為收款人的取得人，取得人有違反受托義務(wù)的通知，若票據(jù)是(i) 作為付款或者作為取得人知道是為受托人的個人債務(wù)的抵押品而取得，(ii) 在一個取得人知道是為受托人個人利益的交易中取得，或(iii) 質(zhì)押到除受托人的帳戶之外的一個帳戶，同樣地，或者一個被代表人的帳戶。

　　§ 3-308. PROOF OF SIGNATURES AND STATUS AS HOLDER IN DUE COURSE.

　　正當(dāng)持票人身份和簽名之證據(jù)

　　(a) In an action with respect to an instrument, the authenticity of, and authority to make, each signature on the instrument is admitted unless specifically denied in the pleadings. If the validity of a signature is denied in the pleadings, the burden of establishing validity is on the person claiming validity, but the signature is presumed to be authentic and authorized unless the action is to enforce tie liability of the purported signer and the signer is dead or incompetent at the time of trial of the issue of validity of the signature. If an action to enforce the instrument is brought against a person as the undisclosed principal of a person who signed the instrument as a party to the instrument, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the defendant is liable on the instrument as a represented person under Section 3-402(a).

　　(b) If the validity of signatures is admitted or proved and there is compliance with subsection (a), a plaintiff producing the instrument is entitled to payment if the plaintiff proves entitlement to enforce the instrument under Section 3-301, unless the defendant proves a defense or claim in recoupment. If a defense or claim in recoupment is proved, the right to payment of the plaintiff is subject to the defense or claim, except to the extent the plaintiff proves that the plaintiff has rights of a holder in due course which are not subject to the defense or claim.

　　(a) 在關(guān)于票據(jù)的訴訟中，在票據(jù)上的每個簽名的真實性及作出的授權(quán)被承認除非在答辯中被特別否認。若簽名的有效性在在答辯中被否認，證明有效性的舉證責(zé)任由主 張有效性的人負擔(dān)，但該簽名被假定為真實的且具有授權(quán)，除非該訴訟是去執(zhí)行被聲稱的簽名人的義務(wù)并且該簽名人已經(jīng)死亡或在簽名的有效性問題的訴訟時無行為 能力. 若執(zhí)行票據(jù)的訴訟對作為票據(jù)當(dāng)事人而簽署票據(jù)的人的未公開的委托人提起，原告就被告作為§ 3-402(a)規(guī)定的被代表人在票據(jù)上負有義務(wù)方面負擔(dān)舉證責(zé)任。

　　(b) 若簽名的有效性被承認或被證明，并且符合 (a)款規(guī)定，制造票據(jù)的原告有權(quán)主張付款，若原告證明依照 § 3-301規(guī)定的執(zhí)行票據(jù)的權(quán)利，除非被告證明一個索賠權(quán)或賠償抗辯。若一個索賠權(quán)或賠償抗辯被證明，原告主張付款的權(quán)利受該抗辯或主張的影響，除原告證明其享有正當(dāng)持票人的不受該抗辯或主張影響的權(quán)利范圍之外。

　　§ 3-309. ENFORCEMENT OF LOST, DESTROYED, OR STOLEN INSTRUMENT.

　　遺失、毀損或被盜票據(jù)之執(zhí)行

　　(a) A person not in possession of an instrument is entitled to enforce the instrument if:

　　(1) the person seeking to enforce the instrument

　　(A) was entitled to enforce it the instrument when loss of possession occurred, or

　　(B) has directly or indirectly acquired ownership of the instrument from a person who was entitled to enforce the instrument when loss of possession occurred;

　　(2) the loss of possession was not the result of a transfer by the person or a lawful seizure; and

　　(3) the person cannot reasonably obtain possession of the instrument because the instrument was destroyed, its whereabouts cannot be determined, or it is in the wrongful possession of an unknown person or a person that cannot be found or is not amenable to service of process.

　　(b) A person seeking enforcement of an instrument under subsection (a) must prove the terms of the instrument and the person's right to enforce the instrument. If that proof is made, Section 3-308 applies to the case as if the person seeking enforcement had produced the instrument. The court may not enter judgment in favor of the person seeking enforcement unless it finds that the person required to pay the instrument is adequately protected against loss that might occur by reason of a claim by another person to enforce the instrument. Adequate protection may be provided by any reasonable means.

　　(a) 沒有占有票據(jù)的人有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)，如果：

　　(1)尋求執(zhí)行該票據(jù)的人

　　(a) 有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)，當(dāng)票據(jù)喪失占有發(fā)生時，或

　　(b) 已經(jīng)直接或間接地，從當(dāng)票據(jù)占有喪失發(fā)生時有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人處，獲得票據(jù)的所有權(quán);

　　(2) 占有的喪失不是讓與或合法沒收的結(jié)果;及

　　(3) 此人不能合理地獲得票據(jù)的占有因為票據(jù)被毀壞，其下落不能被確定，或其是是在不明人的不當(dāng)占有之下或不能查找到的人、沒有義務(wù)遵守程序的人的占有下。

　　(b) 在(a) 款下尋求執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人必須證明票據(jù)的條款及其執(zhí)行票據(jù)的權(quán)利。若該證據(jù)被作出，§ 3-308 適用于該案，如果尋求執(zhí)行的人已經(jīng)作出了該票據(jù)。法院可以不作出有利于尋求執(zhí)行的人的判決，除非法院認定被要求為票據(jù)付款的人被充分地保護防止喪失，而該喪失也許由于其他人執(zhí)行票據(jù)的主張而發(fā)生。充分的包含可以通過任何合理的方式提供。

　　§ 3-310. EFFECT OF INSTRUMENT ON OBLIGATION FOR WHICH TAKEN.

　　因義務(wù)而取得的票據(jù)的效力

　　(a) Unless otherwise agreed, if a certified check, cashier's check, or teller's check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is discharged to the same extent discharge would result if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken in payment of the obligation. Discharge of the obligation does not affect any liability that the obligor may have as an indorser of the instrument.

　　(b) Unless otherwise agreed and except as provided in subsection (a), if a note or an uncertified check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is suspended to the same extent the obligation would be discharged if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken, and the following rules apply:

　　(1) In the case of an uncertified check, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the check or until it is paid or certified. Payment or certification of the check results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the amount of the check.

　　(2) In the case of a note, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the note or until it is paid. Payment of the note results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the payment.

　　(3) Except as provided in paragraph (4), if the check or note is dishonored and the obligee of the obligation for which the instrument was taken is the person entitled to enforce the instrument, the obligee may enforce either the instrument or the obligation. In the case of an instrument of a third person which is negotiated to the obligee by the obligor, discharge of the obligor on the instrument also discharges the obligation.

　　(4) If the person entitled to enforce the instrument taken for an obligation is a person other than the obligee, the obligee may not enforce the obligation to the extent the obligation is suspended. If the obligee is the person entitled to enforce the instrument but no longer has possession of it because it was lost, stolen, or destroyed, the obligation may not be enforced to the extent of the amount payable on the instrument, and to that extent the obligee's rights against the obligor are limited to enforcement of the instrument.

　　(c) If an instrument other than one described in subsection (a) or (b) is taken for an obligation, the effect is (i) that stated in subsection (a) if the instrument is one on which a bank is liable as maker or acceptor, or (ii) that stated in subsection (b) in any other case.

　　(a) 除非另有約定，若保付支票、銀行本票、或teller"s check由于義務(wù)而取得，該義務(wù)在解除將導(dǎo)致的相同范圍內(nèi)被解除，若等于票據(jù)金額的一筆錢由于義務(wù)的履行而取得。義務(wù)的解除不影響債務(wù)人作為票據(jù)背書人而負有的任何義務(wù)。

　　(b) 除非另有約定并且除非(a)款另有規(guī)定，若一張票據(jù)或一張未保付支票(uncertified check)由于一項義務(wù)而取得，該義務(wù)在解除的相同范圍內(nèi)中止，若等于票據(jù)金額的一筆錢被取得，及下列規(guī)則適用：

　　(1) 在未保付支票的情形，義務(wù)的中止保持到該支票被拒付，或者保持到其被付款或被未保付。票據(jù)的付款或未保付導(dǎo)致義務(wù)在支票金額范圍內(nèi)的解除。

　　(2) 在票據(jù)的情形，義務(wù)的中止保持到該票據(jù)被拒付，或者保持到其被付款時。票據(jù)的付款導(dǎo)致義務(wù)在付款范圍內(nèi)解除。

　　(3) 除非(4)段另有規(guī)定，若支票或票據(jù)被拒付，并且因其而取得票據(jù)的義務(wù)的債權(quán)人是有權(quán)票據(jù)的人，債權(quán)人可以執(zhí)行該票據(jù)或該義務(wù)。在債務(wù)人流轉(zhuǎn)給債權(quán)人的第三人的票據(jù)的情形，債務(wù)人在票據(jù)上的解除也解除該債務(wù)。

　　(4) 若 有權(quán)執(zhí)行由于一項債務(wù)取得的票據(jù)的人是除債權(quán)人之外的人，在債務(wù)中止范圍內(nèi)，該債權(quán)人不得執(zhí)行該債務(wù)。若債權(quán)人是有權(quán)執(zhí)行票據(jù)的人，但由于遺失、盜竊或毀 壞而不再占有票據(jù)，在票據(jù)載明應(yīng)付金額范圍內(nèi)，該債務(wù)不得執(zhí)行，并且在該范圍內(nèi)，債權(quán)人對債務(wù)人的權(quán)利限于執(zhí)行票據(jù)。

　　(c) 若(a)或(b)款規(guī)定以外的票據(jù)由于一項債務(wù)而取得，效力是(i) (a)款規(guī)定的效力，若票據(jù)是銀行作為制作人或接受人而負有義務(wù)的票據(jù)，或(ii)在任何其他情形，(b)款規(guī)定的效力。

　　§ 3-311. ACCORD AND SATISFACTION BY USE OF INSTRUMENT.通過使用票據(jù)的清償

　　(a) If a person against whom a claim is asserted proves that (i) that person in good faith tendered an instrument to the claimant as full satisfaction of the claim, (ii) the amount of the claim was unliquidated or subject to a bona fide dispute, and (iii) the claimant obtained payment of the instrument, the following subsections apply.

　　(b) Unless subsection (c) applies, the claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that the instrument or an accompanying written communication contained a conspicuous statement to the effect that the instrument was tendered as full satisfaction of the claim.

　　(c) Subject to subsection (d), a claim is not discharged under subsection (b) if either of the following applies:

　　(1) The claimant, if an organization, proves that (i) within a reasonable time before the tender, the claimant sent a conspicuous statement to the person against whom the claim is asserted that communications concerning disputed debts, including an instrument tendered as full satisfaction of a debt, are to be sent to a designated person, office, or place, and (ii) the instrument or accompanying communication was not received by that designated person, office, or place.

　　(2) The claimant, whether or not an organization, proves that within 90 days after payment of the instrument, the claimant tendered repayment of the amount of the instrument to the person against whom the claim is asserted. This paragraph does not apply if the claimant is an organization that that sent a statement complying with paragraph (1)(i).

　　(d) A claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that within a reasonable time before collection of the instrument was initiated, the claimant, or an agent of the claimant having direct responsibility with respect to the disputed obligation, knew that the instrument was tendered in full satisfaction of the claim.

　　(a) 若一項權(quán)利主張所指向的人證明(i) 該人善意地支付提供一張票據(jù)給原告，以做誒其主張的充分清償， (ii) 主張的金額未清算或尚處爭議中，及(iii) 原告獲得票據(jù)的付款，下列款項適用。,

　　(b) 除非 (c)款適用，該主張被清償，若權(quán)利主張所指向的人證明票據(jù)或一件即時書面通訊(accompanying written communication)包含一項明顯的陳述，其大意是該票據(jù)被支付作為該主張的充分清償。

　　(c) 受 (d)款影響，若下列任一適用，在(b)款下一項權(quán)利主張不被清償：

　　(1) 原告，如果是一個組織，證明(i) 在交付錢的合理時間內(nèi)，原告給權(quán)利主張所指向的人送出一個明顯的陳述包含爭議債務(wù)的通信，包括作為債務(wù)的充分清償?shù)钠睋?jù)，是去被送給指定的人、辦事處或地點，及(ii) 該票據(jù)或即時通信不被指定的人、辦事處或地點收到。

　　(2) 原告，無論是不是一個組織，證明在票據(jù)被付款后90天內(nèi)，原告提供票據(jù)金額的返還款項給權(quán)利主張所指向的人。本段不適用，若原告是一個送出一項符合(1)(i)規(guī)定的陳述的組織。

　　(d) 一項主張被解除，若一項權(quán)利主張所指向的人證明，在票據(jù)的收款開始以前的合理時間內(nèi)，原告或其代理人對于爭議的債務(wù)負有直接的責(zé)任，知道該票據(jù)被交付作為該主張的充分清償。

　　§ 3-312. LOST, DESTROYED, OR STOLEN CASHIER'S CHECK, TELLER'S CHECK, OR CERTIFIED CHECK. 遺失、毀損或被盜的銀行本票

　　(a) In this section:

　　(1) "Check" means a cashier's check, teller's check, or certified check.

　　(2) "Claimant" means a person who claims the right to receive the amount of a cashier's check, teller's check, or certified check that was lost, destroyed, or stolen.

　　(3) "Declaration of loss" means a statement, made in a record under penalty of perjury, to the effect that (i) the declarer lost possession of a check, (ii) the declarer is the drawer or payee of the check, in the case of a certified check, or the remitter or payee of the check, in the case of a cashier's check or teller's check, (iii) the loss of possession was not the result of a transfer by the declarer or a lawful seizure, and (iv) the declarer cannot reasonably obtain possession of the check because the check was destroyed, its whereabouts cannot be determined, or it is in the wrongful possession of an unknown person or a person that cannot be found or is not amenable to service of process.

　　(a) 本條中：

　　(1) "支票指 a 銀行本票, teller"s check,或保付支票.

　　(2) "權(quán)利人指主張收取遺失、毀壞或被盜的銀行本票, teller"s check,或保付支票的金額的權(quán)利的人。

　　(3) "遺失聲明指一項陳述，記錄在案否則受偽證懲罰的陳述，大意是(i) 聲明人喪失了一張支票的占有，(ii) 在保付支票的情形，聲明人是該支票的開票人或收款人，或，在銀行本票或teller"s check情形，聲明人是匯款人或支票的收款人， (iii) 占有的喪失不是聲明人讓與票據(jù)的結(jié)果，也不是合法的沒收的結(jié)果，及(iv) 聲明人不能合理地獲得支票的占有因為該支票被毀壞、其下落不能確定，或者其被不明人、不能查找到的人、對程序不負有義務(wù)的人不當(dāng)占有。

　　(4) "Obligated bank" means the issuer of a cashier's check or teller's check or the acceptor of a certified check.

　　(b) A claimant may assert a claim to the amount of a check by a communication to the obligated bank describing the check with reasonable certainty and requesting payment of the amount of the check, if (i) the claimant is the drawer or payee of a certified check or the remitter or payee of a cashier's check or teller's check, (ii) the communication contains or is accompanied by a declaration of loss of the claimant with respect to the check, (iii) the communication is received at a time and in a manner affording the bank a reasonable time to act on it before the check is paid, and (iv) the claimant provides reasonable identification if requested by the obligated bank. Delivery of a declaration of loss is a warranty of the truth of the statements made in the declaration. If a claim is asserted in compliance with this subsection, the following rules apply:

　　(1) The claim becomes enforceable at the later of (i) the time the claim is asserted, or (ii) the 90th day following the date of the check, in the case of a cashier's check or teller's check, or the 90th day following the date of the acceptance, in the case of a certified check.

　　(2) Until the claim becomes enforceable, it has no legal effect and the obligated bank may pay the check or, in the case of a teller's check, may permit the drawee to pay the check. Payment to a person entitled to enforce the check discharges all liability of the obligated bank with respect to the check.

　　(3) If the claim becomes enforceable before the check is presented for payment, the obligated bank is not obliged to pay the check.

　　(4) "義務(wù)行指銀行本票或teller"s check的發(fā)行人，或保付支票的接受人。

　　(b) 權(quán)利人可以提出支票的金額的權(quán)利主張，通過對義務(wù)行的通信，以合理的確定性描述該票據(jù)并要求支付支票的金額，若(i) 權(quán)利人是保付支票的開票人或收款人，或銀行本票或teller"s check的匯款人或 收款人，(ii) 該通信包含或伴有一項權(quán)利人關(guān)于該支票的遺失聲明，(iii)該信息在該支票被支付前收到，并且其送達的時間和方式給予銀行合理的時間按照其行為，及 (iv) 權(quán)利人提供合理的身份證明，若義務(wù)行要求。遺失聲明的交付是聲明中陳述的事實的擔(dān)保。若一項權(quán)利主張符合本款，下列規(guī)則適用：

　　(1) 在下列時間之后，該主張具有執(zhí)行效力(i) 主張被提出的時間，或(ii) 在銀行本票或teller"s check情形，支票日期后第90日，或者，在保付支票情形，在接受日期后第90日。

　　(2) 在該主張具有執(zhí)行效力之前，其不具有法律效力，并且義務(wù)行可以對支票付款，或者，在teller"s check情形，可以允許付款人對支票付款。對有權(quán)執(zhí)行支票的人的付款解除義務(wù)行關(guān)于支票的所有義務(wù)。

　　(3) 在支票被提示付款之前，若該主張具有執(zhí)行效力，義務(wù)行不必對支票付款。

　　(4) When the claim becomes enforceable, the obligated bank becomes obliged to pay the amount of the check to the claimant if payment of the check has not been made to a person entitled to enforce the check. Subject to Section 4-302(a)(1), payment to the claimant discharges all liability of the obligated bank with respect to the check.

　　(c) If the obligated bank pays the amount of a check to a claimant under subsection (b)(4) and the check is presented for payment by a person having rights of a holder in due course, the claimant is obliged to (i) refund the payment to the obligated bank if the check is paid, or (ii) pay the amount of the check to the person having rights of a holder in due course if the check is dishonored.

　　(d) If a claimant has the right to assert a claim under subsection (b) and is also a person entitled to enforce a cashier's check, teller's check, or certified check which is lost, destroyed, or stolen, the claimant may assert rights with respect to the check either under this section or Section 3-309.

　　(4) 當(dāng)該主張具有執(zhí)行效力時，義務(wù)行必須支付支票的金額給權(quán)利人，若支票的付款沒有作出給有權(quán)執(zhí)行支票的人。受 § 4-302(a)(1)的影響，對權(quán)利人的付款解除義務(wù)行關(guān)于支票的所有義務(wù)。

　　(c) 若義務(wù)行支付支票的金額給(b)(4)的權(quán)利人，享有正當(dāng)持票人權(quán)利的人對支票提示付款，權(quán)利人必須 (i) 退還義務(wù)行的付款，若該支票被付款，或(ii) 支付支票的金額給享有正當(dāng)持票人權(quán)利的人，若該支票被拒付。

　　(d) 若權(quán)利人有權(quán)主張(b)款下的權(quán)利，并且也是在銀行本票、teller"s check、或保付支票遺失、毀損、或被盜后，有權(quán)主張其權(quán)利的人，該權(quán)利人可以根據(jù)本條或§ 3-309條主張關(guān)于支票的權(quán)利。

　　PART 4. LIABILITY OF PARTIES [Table of Contents] 當(dāng)事人的責(zé)任

　　§ 3-401. SIGNATURE. 簽名.

　　(a) A person is not liable on an instrument unless (i) the person signed the instrument, or (ii) the person is represented by an agent or representative who signed the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person under Section 3-402.

　　(b) A signature may be made (i) manually or by means of a device or machine, and (ii) by the use of any name, including a trade or assumed name, or by a word, mark, or symbol executed or adopted by a person with present intention to authenticate a writing.

　　(a) 當(dāng)事人不對票據(jù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任，除非 (i) 其簽署了票據(jù)，或(ii) 此人通過代理人或代表簽署了票據(jù)，并且該簽名對 § 3-402規(guī)定的被代表人具有約束力。

　　(b) 簽名以下列方式作出 (i) 手工、或通過裝置、機械的方式，及 (ii) 通過任何名字的使用，包括商標或筆名(assumed name)，或通過被簽署或采用作為證明一項文件真實性的一個詞、幾號或符號。

　　§ 3-402. SIGNATURE BY REPRESENTATIVE. 由代表簽名

　　(a) If a person acting, or purporting to act, as a representative signs an instrument by signing either the name of the represented person or the name of the signer, the represented person is bound by the signature to the same extent the represented person would be bound if the signature were on a simple contract. If the represented person is bound, the signature of the representative is the "authorized signature of the represented person" and the represented person is liable on the instrument, whether or not identified in the instrument.

　　(b) If a representative signs the name of the representative to an instrument and the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person, the following rules apply:

　　(1) If the form of the signature shows unambiguously that the signature is made on behalf of the represented person who is identified in the instrument, the representative is not liable on the instrument.

　　(2) Subject to subsection (c), if (i) the form of the signature does not show unambiguously that the signature is made in a representative capacity or (ii) the represented person is not identified in the instrument, the representative is liable on the instrument to a holder in due course that took the instrument without notice that the representative was not intended to be liable on the instrument. With respect to any other person, the representative is liable on the instrument unless the representative proves that the original parties did not intend the representative to be liable on the instrument.

　　(c) If a representative signs the name of the representative as drawer of a check without indication of the representative status and the check is payable from an account of the represented person who is identified on the check, the signer is not liable on the check if the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person.

　　(a) 若 某人作為或聲稱作為代表而簽署票據(jù)，簽署被代表人的名字或簽字人的名字，被代表人因該簽名在被代表人受約束的范圍內(nèi)受約束，若簽名是在一個簡易合同上。若 被代表人受約束，代表的簽名是經(jīng)被代表人授權(quán)的簽名，并且被代表人在票據(jù)上負有義務(wù)，無論在票據(jù)中是否特定。

　　(b) 若代表簽署代表的名字到票據(jù)上，并且該簽名是經(jīng)被代表人授權(quán)的簽名，下列規(guī)則適用：

　　(1) 若簽名的形式明確表明該簽名代表特定于票據(jù)的被代表人的利益而作出，該代表對票據(jù)不負義務(wù)。

　　(2) 受(c)影響，若(i) 簽名的形式?jīng)]有明確表明該簽名是在代表地位作出，或(ii) 被代表人不被確定于票據(jù)中，該代表在票據(jù)上對正當(dāng)持票人承擔(dān)責(zé)任，該持票人須是不知道該代表未被確定對票據(jù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任而取得票據(jù)。關(guān)于任何其他人，該代表應(yīng)對票據(jù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任，除非該代表證明原當(dāng)事人不打算該代表對票據(jù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

　　(c) 若代表簽署代表的名字作為支票的開票人，沒有指出其代表的身份，并且該支票應(yīng)從確定于支票上的被代表人的帳戶付款，簽名人不對票據(jù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任，若該簽名是經(jīng)被代表人授權(quán)的簽名。

　　§ 3-403. UNAUTHORIZED SIGNATURE. 未授權(quán)的簽名.

　　(a) Unless otherwise provided in this Article or Article 4, an unauthorized signature is ineffective except as the signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of a person who in good faith pays the instrument or takes it for value. An unauthorized signature may be ratified for all purposes of this Article.

　　(b) If the signature of more than one person is required to constitute the authorized signature of an organization, the signature of the organization is unauthorized if one of the required signatures is lacking.

　　(c) The civil or criminal liability of a person who makes an unauthorized signature is not affected by any provision of this Article which makes the unauthorized signature effective for the purposes of this Article.

　　(a) 除非本篇或第4篇另有規(guī)定，未經(jīng)授權(quán)的簽名無效，除非未經(jīng)授權(quán)的簽名人的簽名有利于善意地對票據(jù)付款或有償取得票據(jù)的人。未經(jīng)授權(quán)的簽名可以因本篇的所有目的而被認可。

　　(b) 若超過一個人的簽名被要求去構(gòu)成一個組織的經(jīng)授權(quán)的簽名，若缺乏要求的簽名之一，該組織的簽名是未經(jīng)授權(quán)的。

　　(c) 作出未經(jīng)授權(quán)的簽名的人的民事或刑事責(zé)任不受本篇任何使未經(jīng)授權(quán)的簽名由于本篇的目的而有效的規(guī)定的影響。